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Updated: Aug 1, 2025
Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Published on: June 16, 2014
Risk Assessment of Pre-dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in a Tertiary
Henry Ovwasa1, Henry O Aiwuyo2, Ogochukwu A Okoye3
1Family Physician, Milk River Health Center, Milk River Alberta, CAN.
Insights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients face a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, including hypertension and dyslipidemia. These factors are significantly more pronounced in CKD patients, increasing their CVD risk.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Cardiology
- Public Health
Background:
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
- CKD patients have an elevated risk of CVD-related death, often preceding end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
- Key CVD risk factors in CKD include systemic hypertension, anemia, dyslipidemia, hypoalbuminemia, albuminuria, and abnormal calcium/phosphate products.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
- To compare the prevalence of these risk factors between CKD patients and non-CKD individuals.
Main Methods:
- A case-control cross-sectional study design was employed.
- 150 hypertensive CKD patients were compared with age- and sex-matched hypertensive non-CKD controls.
- Participants were recruited from the renal unit of Delta State University Teaching Hospital (DELSUTH), Oghara.
Main Results:
- The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, elevated LDL, anemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, albuminuria, and hypoalbuminemia was significantly higher in the CKD group.
- Reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was also more prevalent in CKD patients, though not statistically significant.
- Mean ages of cases and controls were 48.91±11.93 and 51.0±15.45 years, respectively (p=0.182).
Conclusions:
- Systemic hypertension, diabetes, anemia, dyslipidemia, hypoalbuminemia, albuminuria, and abnormal calcium/phosphate products significantly increase CVD risk.
- These risk factors are more pronounced and statistically significant in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
- The findings underscore the heightened cardiovascular risk burden in the CKD population.
Introduction:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population. CKD patients are more likely to die from CVD before ever reaching end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The study, therefore, seeks to identify the prevalence of risk factors of CVD in CKD patients such as systemic hypertension, anemia, dyslipidemia, hypoalbuminemia, albuminuria, and abnormal calcium/phosphate products.
Methods:
The study was a case-control cross-sectional study where one hundred fifty hypertensive CKD patients and age- and sex-matched hypertensive non-CKD subjects were consecutively enrolled at the renal unit of Delta State University Teaching Hospital (DELSUTH), Oghara.
Results:
The findings of the study revealed the mean ages of cases and controls to be 48.91±11.93 years and 51.0±15.45 years respectively (p-value 0.182). There was an equal number of males and females among the study group and controls (92 males and 58 females) making a male-to-female ratio of 3:2. The prevalence of CVD risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, elevated low-density lipoprotein, anemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, albuminuria, and hypoalbuminemia was significantly higher among the CKD group compared to controls. Similarly, the prevalence of reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was higher among cases than controls, the difference was however not statistically significant.
Conclusion:
The study has shown that systemic hypertension, diabetes, anemia, dyslipidemia, hypoalbuminemia, albuminuria, and abnormal calcium/phosphate products increases the risk for CVD in the general population but is more expressed and significant in CKD patients.
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