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Updated: Aug 1, 2025

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Urbanicity and cognitive functioning in later life.

Elizabeth Lawrence1, Samantha E John2, Tirth Bhatta1

  • 1Department of Sociology University of Nevada Las Vegas Nevada USA.

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|May 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive functioning in older adults differs by location. Exurban and suburban residents, particularly men, show lower scores than urban dwellers, with disparities emerging earlier in life.

Keywords:
Health and Retirement StudyUnited Statescognitive functioninglife courserural–urban continuumsocioeconomic status

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Prior research indicates disparities in cognitive functioning across the rural-urban continuum.
  • Urbanicity, the degree to which an area is urban or rural, is a significant factor influencing health and well-being.
  • Understanding how urbanicity shapes cognitive functioning in older adulthood is crucial for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine individual- and contextual-level factors influencing cognitive functioning across older adulthood.
  • To assess differences in cognitive functioning among older adults residing in urban, suburban, and exurban areas.
  • To determine if disparities in cognitive functioning related to urbanicity emerge or change across older adulthood.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a nationally representative sample from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) spanning 1996 to 2016.
  • Employed growth curve models to analyze cognitive functioning trajectories.
  • Assessed differences in cognitive functioning based on urban, suburban, and exurban residential classifications.

Main Results:

  • Older adults in exurban areas, and men in suburban areas, exhibited lower cognitive functioning scores compared to their urban counterparts.
  • Educational attainment and marital status partially explained these urbanicity-related differences but did not fully account for them.
  • No significant differences were found in the trajectory of cognitive functioning over age, indicating disparities are established prior to older adulthood.

Conclusions:

  • Urbanicity-based disparities in cognitive functioning are evident in older adulthood.
  • These cognitive differences appear to originate earlier in life, with average gaps persisting throughout older age.
  • Factors accumulating before older adulthood likely drive the observed differences in cognitive functioning across urbanicity levels.