Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion....

Batteries and Fuel Cells

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...

Efficiency of The Carnot Cycle

Efficiency of The Carnot Cycle

The hypothetical Carnot cycle consists of an ideal gas subjected to two isothermal and two adiabatic processes. Since the internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature, which is the same before and after the completion of the Carnot cycle, there is no change in its internal energy. Hence, using the first law of thermodynamics, the total heat exchanged by the ideal gas equals the total work done. Thus, we can quantify the efficiency of the Carnot cycle via the heat exchanged...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Random Attention Mechanism for Deep Quality Modeling and Online Prediction in Chemical Processes.

ACS omega·2026

Same author

Nonlinear Dynamic Soft Sensor Development with a Supervised Hybrid CNN-LSTM Network for Industrial Processes.

ACS omega·2022

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 1, 2025

Development and Validation of Chromium Getters for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems

Development and Validation of Chromium Getters for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems

Published on: May 26, 2019

Efficiency Maximization of a Direct Internal Reforming Solid Oxide Fuel Cell in a Two-Layer Self-Optimizing Control

Shengdong Fu^1,2, Lingjian Ye^3,4, Feifan Shen²

¹School of Control Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.

|May 1, 2023

Summary

A new two-layer self-optimizing control (SOC) system maximizes solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) efficiency and minimizes CO2 emissions. It uses stack temperature and hydrogen composition as key control variables for optimal performance.

More Related Videos

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells

Published on: October 2, 2016

A Guide to Concentration Alternating Frequency Response Analysis of Fuel Cells

A Guide to Concentration Alternating Frequency Response Analysis of Fuel Cells

Published on: December 11, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 1, 2025

Development and Validation of Chromium Getters for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems

Development and Validation of Chromium Getters for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems

Published on: May 26, 2019

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells

Published on: October 2, 2016

A Guide to Concentration Alternating Frequency Response Analysis of Fuel Cells

A Guide to Concentration Alternating Frequency Response Analysis of Fuel Cells

Published on: December 11, 2019

Area of Science:

Energy Systems Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Control Systems

Background:

Efficient control systems are crucial for optimizing solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) performance and profitability.
Maximizing efficiency while minimizing carbon (CO2) emissions is a key challenge in SOFC operation.
Existing control strategies may not adequately adapt to changing operating conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel two-layer self-optimizing control (SOC) system for direct internal reforming SOFCs.
To maximize SOFC efficiency, defined as electricity profit minus CO2 emission costs.
To identify optimal controlled variables (CVs) for enhanced efficiency under varying conditions.

Main Methods:

Development of a two-layer SOC system based on a lumped-parameter SOFC model.
Identification of optimal controlled variables (CVs) for the lower SOC layer (stack temperature, outlet hydrogen composition).
Implementation of an upper SOC layer to automatically adjust set-points based on SOFC measurements.

Main Results:

Stack temperature identified as a critical constraint for maintaining cell performance.
Outlet hydrogen composition determined as a superior controlled variable compared to methane composition.
The two-layer SOC system effectively maximizes SOFC efficiency and reduces CO2 emissions without online optimization.

Conclusions:

The proposed cascaded two-layer SOC structure achieves efficiency maximization and carbon emission reduction in SOFCs.
The system ensures smooth and safe operation by adapting to dynamic changes in operating conditions.
Validated through static and dynamic evaluations, demonstrating the robustness of the control scheme.