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On-Chip Time-Domain Terahertz Spectroscopy of Superconducting Films below the Diffraction Limit.

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We developed a novel on-chip terahertz (THz) spectrometer for studying tiny condensed matter samples. This THz spectroscopy technique successfully measured the superconducting gap in a sub-millimeter niobium nitride film.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Free-space time-domain THz spectroscopy is crucial for probing electrodynamic responses in condensed matter.
  • Conventional THz spectroscopy faces limitations with micro-scale samples (e.g., van der Waals materials) due to the diffraction limit.
  • Probing exotic electronic states in small, correlated materials requires advanced spectroscopic methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate an on-chip time-domain THz spectrometer capable of analyzing micro-scale samples.
  • To overcome the diffraction limit challenges in conventional THz spectroscopy for small material analysis.
  • To enable the study of superconductivity, magnetism, and charge order in van der Waals materials.

Main Methods:

  • An on-chip time-domain THz spectrometer was designed using semiconducting photoconductive switches.
  • The spectrometer operates with a bandwidth of 200 to 750 GHz.
  • An interchangeable sample architecture was implemented for versatile material analysis.

Main Results:

  • The optical conductivity of a 7.5-μm wide niobium nitride (NbN) film was measured across its superconducting transition.
  • Spectroscopic signatures of the superconducting gap were observed in a sample significantly smaller than the THz diffraction limit.
  • The system demonstrated high sensitivity and resolution for micro-scale material characterization.

Conclusions:

  • The developed on-chip THz spectrometer effectively overcomes the diffraction limit for analyzing micro-scale condensed matter samples.
  • This technology provides a powerful new tool for investigating quantum phenomena like superconductivity in novel materials.
  • The interchangeable sample design facilitates the study of diverse electronic properties in strongly correlated van der Waals heterostructures.