Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Schemas

Schemas

A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Examining Biological Motion as a Potential Factor in E-Scooter Conspicuity and Safety.

Human factors·2025

Same author

Exploring Combat Tourniquet Application Errors and Duration Among Skilled and Novice Medical Trainees.

Military medicine·2024

Same author

Evaluation of driver navigational errors and acceptance of a simulated J-turn intersection.

Accident; analysis and prevention·2024

Same author

A Pilot Study on the Role of Experience and Patient Gender on MARCH Treatment Sequence.

Military medicine·2022

Same author

Characteristics and Risk Factors for Electric Scooter-Related Crashes and Injury Crashes among Scooter Riders: A Two-Phase Survey Study.

International journal of environmental research and public health·2022

Same author

Evaluation of the efficacy of an intersection conflict warning system at two-way stop-controlled rural intersections: difference-in-differences and triple-difference analytical approaches.

Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention·2021

Same journal

Effects of Task Priority and Difficulty in Multitasking Across Screens.

Human factors·2026

Same journal

Compatibility Effects With Simple Lever Tools: A Replication and Extension Beyond Simple Button Responses.

Human factors·2026

Same journal

Effects of Egocentric and Exocentric Supervisor Viewpoint Perspectives on Motion Plan Legibility and Decision Support in Automated Spacecraft Docking Maneuvers.

Human factors·2026

Same journal

System-Wide Trust (SWT) Versus Component-Specific Trust (CST) in Multi-Agent Human-Agent Teams: Individual Variability in Trust Bias.

Human factors·2026

Same journal

Driver Adaptation to Partially Automated Driving in Urban Environments: Effects of Repeated Exposure and System Capabilities on Drivers' Trust, Monitoring, and Response.

Human factors·2026

Same journal

Modeling Human Expertise in a Sanding Task.

Human factors·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Published on: December 18, 2020

Task-Relevant Smartphone Messages Within Work Zones: A Driving Simulation Study.

Curtis M Craig¹, Disi Tian¹, Nichole L Morris¹

¹University of Minnesota, USA.

|May 1, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

In-vehicle messages significantly improved driving performance and attention in work zones compared to roadside signs. This suggests in-vehicle alerts can enhance driver safety in hazardous road environments.

Keywords:

distraction driver behavior warning systems

More Related Videos

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Published on: April 30, 2020

Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects

Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects

Published on: September 18, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Published on: December 18, 2020

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Published on: April 30, 2020

Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects

Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects

Published on: September 18, 2012

Area of Science:

Human-computer interaction
Traffic safety research
Cognitive psychology

Background:

Work zone safety relies on driver attention to roadside signs, which is often compromised by distractions.
Traditional signage may not be consistently noticed or followed by drivers due to task demands.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the effectiveness of in-vehicle messages versus roadside signs in alerting drivers to simulated work zone hazards.
To determine if in-vehicle messaging can improve driving performance within work zones.

Main Methods:

A driving simulation study evaluated driver performance in shoulder work and lane closure scenarios.
Participants experienced three messaging conditions: roadside signs, in-vehicle audio-only, and in-vehicle audio-visual messages.

Main Results:

In-vehicle messages led to significantly better driving performance, including reduced lane deviation, compared to roadside signs.
Drivers using in-vehicle messages maintained greater visual attention toward the roadway.

Conclusions:

In-vehicle messaging systems can enhance primary driving task performance when appropriately designed.
Findings support developing in-vehicle communication frameworks for alerting drivers to hazards in work zones and similar environments.