Flexible BaTiO₃ Thin Film-Based Coupled Nanogenerator for Simultaneously Scavenging Light and Vibration Energies

Ferroelectric materials have a variety of properties, such as piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and the ferroelectric photovoltaic effect, which enable them to obtain electrical energy from various external stimuli. Here, we report a coupled nanogenerator based on flexible BTO ferroelectric films with a cantilevered beam structure. It combines the photovoltaic and flexoelectric effects in a ferroelectric materials-based coupled nanogenerator for simultaneously scavenging vibration energy and light energy, thus improving energy scavenging performance. As compared with the photovoltaic effect individually, simultaneous vibration and light illumination under a light intensity of 57 mW/cm² at 405 nm can produce a photo-flexoelectric coupling current of 85 nA, where the current peak has been enhanced by 121%. Due to the photo-flexoelectric coupling effect, the device has outstanding charging performance, where a 4.7 μF capacitor can be charged to 60 mV in 150 s. These devices have potential applications in multi-energy scavenging and self-powered sensors.