Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

60.8K
The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
60.8K
Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

125
Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Adrenaline triggers the...
125
Stress Response System01:21

Stress Response System

125
The stress response system, also known as the fight-or-flight response, is the body's automatic physiological reaction to perceived threats. Hans Selye introduced the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) to describe the predictable pattern of changes that occur in response to stress. GAS consists of three sequential stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. This model helps explain how chronic stress can contribute to health problems.
Alarm stage
In the alarm stage, the body's...
125
The Sympathetic Nervous System01:25

The Sympathetic Nervous System

95.8K
Overview
95.8K
Psychological Responses to Stress01:20

Psychological Responses to Stress

82
Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
82
Autonomic Nervous System01:22

Autonomic Nervous System

9.1K
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a critical component of the peripheral nervous system, primarily responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. It functions in tandem with the central nervous system (CNS) to seamlessly coordinate various physiological processes without the need for conscious control.
The ANS comprises two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. These divisions function antagonistically to maintain a dynamic...
9.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Designer binders.

Science signaling·2026
Same author

Cholinergic signals and antibodies.

Science signaling·2026
Same author

SIRT2 versus Lck.

Science signaling·2026
Same author

Ca<sup>2+</sup>-driven E3 ligase activity.

Science signaling·2025
Same author

STING's cysteine modifications.

Science signaling·2025
Same author

Tailored receptor modulators.

Science signaling·2025
Same journal

ZNRF3 and RNF43 are active monomeric E3 ubiquitin ligases that self-associate.

Science signaling·2026
Same journal

Allosteric ligands with distinct properties uncover tissue-specific physiological regulation mediated by free fatty acid receptor 2.

Science signaling·2026
Same journal

Diacylglycerol kinase ζ in B lymphocytes supports CD40-mediated immune synapse formation, mTORC1 signaling, and plasma cell fate.

Science signaling·2026
Same journal

The APC/C adaptor Cdh1 stabilizes STING to potentiate innate immune activation in renal cell carcinoma.

Science signaling·2026
Same journal

Fattening mother's milk with oxytocin.

Science signaling·2026
Same journal

Virion display reveals MD-1 as an endogenous agonist for the orphan receptor GPRC5B.

Science signaling·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats
03:48

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats

Published on: December 6, 2024

1.5K

Stressing the gut-brain axis.

John F Foley1

  • 1Science Signaling, AAAS, Washington, DC 20005, USA.

Science Signaling
|May 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stress alters gut bacteria, prompting gamma delta T cells to move to the brain

More Related Videos

Behavioral Approaches to Studying Innate Stress in Zebrafish
05:29

Behavioral Approaches to Studying Innate Stress in Zebrafish

Published on: May 1, 2019

9.1K
A Gut-on-a-Chip Model to Study the Gut Microbiome-Nervous System Axis
09:18

A Gut-on-a-Chip Model to Study the Gut Microbiome-Nervous System Axis

Published on: July 28, 2023

2.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats
03:48

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats

Published on: December 6, 2024

1.5K
Behavioral Approaches to Studying Innate Stress in Zebrafish
05:29

Behavioral Approaches to Studying Innate Stress in Zebrafish

Published on: May 1, 2019

9.1K
A Gut-on-a-Chip Model to Study the Gut Microbiome-Nervous System Axis
09:18

A Gut-on-a-Chip Model to Study the Gut Microbiome-Nervous System Axis

Published on: July 28, 2023

2.7K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Microbiome research
  • Behavioral neuroscience

Background:

  • The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in host health and immunity.
  • Emerging evidence links gut dysbiosis to neurological conditions.
  • Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) are immune cells with roles in both peripheral tissues and the central nervous system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of stress-induced gut microbiota alterations on γδ T cell behavior.
  • To determine if these immune cells migrate to the meninges and influence behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Induction of stress in a mouse model.
  • Analysis of gut microbiota composition.
  • Tracking of γδ T cell migration using flow cytometry and imaging.
  • Behavioral testing of mice under stressed and non-stressed conditions.

Main Results:

  • Stress significantly altered the composition of the gut microbiota.
  • A notable increase in γδ T cell migration to the meninges was observed following stress.
  • Meningeal γδ T cell populations were found to correlate with specific behavioral changes.

Conclusions:

  • Stress-induced gut dysbiosis can lead to the migration of γδ T cells to the meninges.
  • These immune cells in the meninges appear to modulate host behavior.
  • This study highlights a novel gut-brain-immune axis pathway influenced by stress.