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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Diversity of Protists II01:27

Diversity of Protists II

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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Seasonality and the Coexistence of Pathogen Strains.

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    Seasonality drives pathogen coexistence by enabling strains with differing infectiousness and survival strategies to thrive. Novel analysis reveals transient dynamics, not just basic reproduction number (R0), can explain pathogen strain coexistence.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ecology
    • Epidemiology
    • Mathematical Biology

    Background:

    • Host-pathogen models typically rely on population structure to explain pathogen strain coexistence.
    • Existing models often overlook the significant role of seasonal variation in host-pathogen dynamics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the extent to which seasonal variation can drive the coexistence of different pathogen strains.
    • To explore novel mathematical analyses for understanding pathogen coexistence strategies.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a mathematical model incorporating seasonal host reproduction and interepidemic periods.
    • Application of standard analyses based on the basic reproduction number (R0).
    • Utilizing a novel analytical method focusing on transient dynamics and initial fitness (λ0).

    Main Results:

    • Seasonality permits the coexistence of pathogen strains with contrasting strategies (e.g., low infectiousness/high survival vs. high infectiousness/low survival).
    • Coexistence can be driven by differences in R0 or by differences in initial fitness (λ0) when R0 is similar.
    • Transient dynamics offer an alternative mechanism for pathogen coexistence, allowing for similar pathogen phenotypes.

    Conclusions:

    • Seasonal dynamics are a crucial factor in maintaining pathogen strain diversity.
    • Novel mathematical approaches, particularly those analyzing transient dynamics, provide deeper insights into host-pathogen coexistence.
    • Pathogen coexistence can be achieved through distinct strategies, highlighting the complexity of epidemiological dynamics.