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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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Chronic Pharyngitis

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
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Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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Pharynx01:20

Pharynx

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The pharynx, a tubular structure framed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane, extends continuously from the nasal cavities. It is segmented into three major areas: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
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Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy01:30

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Endoscopy is a non-surgical medical technique used to examine a person's internal organs and vessels. This lesson will focus on two types of endoscopic studies: bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy.
Bronchoscopy
Description
Bronchoscopy is a procedure that involves direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A flexible fiber optic or rigid bronchoscope is used to carry out the procedure. The fiber-optic bronchoscope is more frequently used due...
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Epistaxis

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Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
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Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Sphenochoanal polyps.

Leith Bayazid1, Gary D Josephson2

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA lbayazid@usf.edu.

BMJ Case Reports
|May 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sphenochoanal polyps, a cause of nasal obstruction, affect all ages and sexes nearly equally. Endoscopic removal offers a safe and effective treatment for these bothersome nasal polyps.

Keywords:
Otolaryngology / ENTPaediatric Surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Rhinology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Persistent nasal obstruction is frequently caused by nasal polyps.
  • While antrochoanal polyps are well-documented, sphenochoanal polyps are less understood.
  • A dedicated review characterizing sphenochoanal polyp patient demographics was lacking.

Observation:

  • A literature review identified 77 cases of sphenochoanal polyps over 30 years.
  • Patients ranged from 2 to 80 years old, with a near-even sex distribution (35 female, 42 male).
  • Laterality data showed left-sided origin in 32 cases, right in 25, and bilateral in 1 case.

Findings:

  • Sphenochoanal polyps affect individuals across all age groups.
  • The occurrence of sphenochoanal polyps shows a balanced distribution between males and females.
  • The majority of identified cases demonstrated unilateral involvement.

Implications:

  • This review provides the first dedicated characterization of sphenochoanal polyp patient demographics.
  • Endoscopic removal is confirmed as a safe and effective treatment modality.
  • Understanding patient demographics aids in diagnosis and management strategies for sphenochoanal polyps.