Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

216
Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
216
Storage01:23

Storage

111
A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
111
Understanding Memory01:19

Understanding Memory

567
Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
567
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

257
Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
257
Elaborative Rehearsals01:07

Elaborative Rehearsals

111
Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
The effectiveness of...
111
Explicit Memories01:27

Explicit Memories

167
Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
Episodic memory contains information about personally experienced events and is reported as a story. An example of episodic memory is recalling a birthday celebration. This type of memory includes the what, where, and when of an event, as...
167

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Thalamic oscillations distinguish natural states of consciousness in humans.

Nature human behaviour·2026
Same author

Shared representations in brains and models reveal a two-route cortical organization during scene perception.

Communications biology·2026
Same author

Analysis of Risk Factors for Postoperative Delayed Perforation Following Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors.

Surgical laparoscopy, endoscopy & percutaneous techniques·2026
Same author

How the self-concept structures social role learning: insights from computational models.

Royal Society open science·2025
Same author

Odor-induced Sustained Neural Activity during Memory Encoding.

Journal of cognitive neuroscience·2025
Same author

Movie-watching evokes ripple-like activity within events and at event boundaries.

Nature communications·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

34.1K

Distinct encoding and post-encoding representational formats contribute to episodic sequence memory formation.

Xiongbo Wu1,2,3, Lluís Fuentemilla1,2,4

  • 1Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Pg Vall Hebrón 171, Barcelona 08035, Spain.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|May 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neural representations shift during memory formation. Category information integrates during encoding, while item details reactivate post-encoding, with this later reactivation crucial for recalling sequential episodes.

Keywords:
EEGencodingepisodic memoryneural reactivationrepresentational similarity analysis

More Related Videos

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
11:01

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: August 30, 2011

13.7K
Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents
11:29

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Published on: September 4, 2015

14.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

34.1K
Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
11:01

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: August 30, 2011

13.7K
Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents
11:29

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Published on: September 4, 2015

14.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Episodic memory formation involves binding sequential information into a cohesive representation.
  • The dynamic changes in neural representations during encoding remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the temporal dynamics of representational formats during episodic memory encoding.
  • Determine whether category-level or item-level representations are critical for memory formation of sequential episodes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized representational similarity analysis and multivariate decoding on electroencephalography (EEG) data.
  • Examined neural activity during online encoding and offline periods following a picture triplet sequence.

Main Results:

  • Observed gradual integration of category-level representations during online encoding.
  • Detected rapid item-based neural reactivation immediately after encoding (episodic offset).
  • Found that post-encoding memory reinstatement, not online encoding, predicted successful long-term memory retrieval.

Conclusions:

  • Post-encoding neural reactivation is essential for forming unique memories of temporally unfolding episodes.
  • Highlights the dynamic shift from category-level to item-level representations in memory formation.
  • Suggests that memory reinstatement after encoding plays a critical role in long-term episodic memory consolidation.