Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Attention-related modulation in the superior colliculus encodes perceptual sensitivity, but not perceptual choice.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Task success in trained spiking neural network models coincides with emergence of cross-stimulus-modulated inhibition.

Biological cybernetics·2026

Same author

Spatially Extensive LFP Correlations Identify Slow-Wave Sleep in Marmoset Sensorimotor Cortex.

eNeuro·2025

Same author

Neuronal normalization in monkey MT is an intensity-weighted average.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025

Same author

Combatting nonidentifiability to infer motor cortex inputs yields similar encoding of initial and corrective movements.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

Neuronal normalization in monkey MT is an intensity-weighted average.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same journal

Genetic Impacts on Variability of Body Fat Distribution Uncover Gene-Environment and Gene-Gene Interactions.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same journal

16S ribosomal RNA modification drives transcript-specific translation efficiency.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same journal

FlcE latches onto the FliL-stator complex to turbocharge flagellar motility in <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same journal

Synaptic pruning, myelination and the emergence of psychiatric disorders in late adolescence.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same journal

Structural and functional insights into the Rcs phosphorelay.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same journal

The structural basis of RanGAP1 regulation and catalysis in nuclear transport.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Published on: February 8, 2020

Normalization in mouse primary visual cortex.

Zaina A Zayyad^1,2, John H R Maunsell^2,3,4, Jason N MacLean^2,3,4

¹Interdisciplinary Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|May 3, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mouse visual cortical neurons exhibit normalization, a process where responses to combined stimuli are averaged rather than summed. This finding in the visual cortex of mice aligns with observations in cats and macaques.

More Related Videos

A Highly Reproducible and Straightforward Method to Perform In Vivo Ocular Enucleation in the Mouse after Eye Opening

A Highly Reproducible and Straightforward Method to Perform In Vivo Ocular Enucleation in the Mouse after Eye Opening

Published on: October 6, 2014

Where You Cut Matters: A Dissection and Analysis Guide for the Spatial Orientation of the Mouse Retina from Ocular Landmarks

Where You Cut Matters: A Dissection and Analysis Guide for the Spatial Orientation of the Mouse Retina from Ocular Landmarks

Published on: August 4, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Published on: February 8, 2020

A Highly Reproducible and Straightforward Method to Perform In Vivo Ocular Enucleation in the Mouse after Eye Opening

A Highly Reproducible and Straightforward Method to Perform In Vivo Ocular Enucleation in the Mouse after Eye Opening

Published on: October 6, 2014

Where You Cut Matters: A Dissection and Analysis Guide for the Spatial Orientation of the Mouse Retina from Ocular Landmarks

Where You Cut Matters: A Dissection and Analysis Guide for the Spatial Orientation of the Mouse Retina from Ocular Landmarks

Published on: August 4, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Visual System
Computational Neuroscience

Background:

Neuronal responses to multiple stimuli often deviate from a linear sum, a phenomenon termed normalization.
Normalization in the mammalian visual cortex is well-documented in macaques and cats.

Approach:

Investigated visually evoked normalization in the mouse visual cortex (V1) using in vivo calcium imaging of layer 2/3 (L2/3) excitatory neurons.
Employed electrophysiological recordings across V1 layers to complement optical imaging data.

Key Points:

Mouse visual cortical neurons demonstrate normalization, with response strengths varying across individual neurons.
The observed distributions of normalization strength in mice are comparable to those found in cats and macaques.
Normalization in mice was found to be slightly weaker on average compared to primates and felines.

Conclusions:

Normalization is a conserved mechanism in the mammalian visual cortex, present in mice, cats, and macaques.
This study extends the understanding of visual cortical processing and normalization mechanisms to the commonly used model organism, the mouse.