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Updated: Jul 31, 2025

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Factor Structure of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire in a US-Based Cohort of Mothers

Andréane Lavallée1, Jennifer M Warmingham1, Mark A Reimers2

  • 1Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA.

Medrxiv : the Preprint Server for Health Sciences
|May 3, 2023
PubMed

Insights

This study validated the 14-item Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ-14) for measuring early relational health in US mothers. The PBQ-14 demonstrates good psychometric properties for assessing parent-to-infant bonding.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric research
  • Developmental psychology
  • Maternal mental health

Background:

  • Assessing early relational health (ERH) is crucial for child development.
  • The Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) is a common measure, but its structure needed validation in a US context.
  • Existing instruments must accurately capture parent-to-infant bonding for effective pediatric care.

Approach:

  • The study analyzed data from 610 US mothers at 4 months postpartum.
  • Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were used to evaluate the PBQ's structure.
  • A revised 14-item measure, the PBQ-14, was developed based on these analyses.

Key Points:

  • The original 4-factor structure of the PBQ was not replicated.
  • Exploratory factor analysis supported a 14-item, unidimensional scale (PBQ-14).
  • The PBQ-14 exhibited strong internal consistency (ω=.87) and correlated significantly with depression scores (r=.44).

Conclusions:

  • The unidimensional PBQ-14 is a psychometrically sound instrument for measuring general postnatal parent-to-infant bonding in the US.
  • This validated tool can enhance research on early relational health and child wellbeing.
  • The PBQ-14 offers a reliable measure for clinicians and researchers in pediatrics.

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