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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

The Parathyroid Glands

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Hyperfunctioning papillary thyroid carcinoma - a case report and literature review.

Juliana Pereira-Macedo^1,2,3, Bárbara Freire¹, Carlos Macedo-Oliveira¹

¹Department of General Surgery, Hospitalar Centre of Médio-Ave, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal.

Acta Chirurgica Belgica

|May 3, 2023

Summary

Malignant hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules are rare, but this case highlights papillary thyroid carcinoma presenting as a hyperfunctioning nodule. Early detection through fine needle aspiration is crucial for managing these uncommon presentations.

Keywords:

Thyroid nodule hot nodule hyperthyroidism malignant nodule thyroid tumor

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Oncology
Nuclear Medicine

Background:

Malignant hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules are uncommon, with follicular thyroid cancer being a more frequent association than papillary variants.
This study details a rare case of papillary thyroid carcinoma manifesting within a hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule.

Approach:

A case study involving a single adult patient who underwent total thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma within a hyperfunctioning nodule.
Literature review was conducted to contextualize the findings.

Key Points:

A 58-year-old male presented with subclinical hyperthyroidism (low TSH) and a suspicious right thyroid nodule.
Initial fine needle aspiration suggested a follicular lesion of undetermined significance, but a subsequent 99mTc thyroid scintigram revealed a hyperfunctioning nodule.
Further cytology confirmed papillary thyroid carcinoma, leading to total thyroidectomy with confirmed tumor-free margins.

Conclusions:

Hyperfunctioning malignant nodules, though rare, necessitate careful clinical evaluation due to significant implications.
Selective fine needle aspiration is recommended for all suspicious thyroid nodules measuring 1 cm or larger.