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Secondary Healthcare System

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Secondary healthcare is offered by a specialist, generally in hospitals or clinics for patients referred by primary healthcare providers. It occurs when a person has an illness or injury that requires specific medical care. Secondary care is often referred to as acute care. Secondary care can range from uncomplicated care to repair a minor laceration or treat a strep throat infection to more complicated emergent care, such as treating a head injury sustained in an automobile accident. Whatever...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Large-Scale SARS-CoV-2 Testing Utilizing Saliva and Transposition Sample Pooling

Large-Scale SARS-CoV-2 Testing Utilizing Saliva and Transposition Sample Pooling

Published on: June 23, 2022

Lessons learned from implementing a surge capacity support program for COVID-19 contact management in Ontario.

Andrea Chambers¹, Jacquelyn Quirk², Elaina A MacIntyre^2,3

¹Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V2, Canada. Andrea.Chaplin@oahpp.ca.

Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique

|May 3, 2023

Summary

The Contact Tracing Initiative (CTI) in Ontario successfully supported over a million calls to high-risk COVID-19 contacts. This centralized program efficiently utilized existing resources, demonstrating valuable surge capacity for public health.

Keywords:

COVID-19 Case and contact management Contact tracing Evaluation Public health Surge capacity

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Published on: April 9, 2021

Area of Science:

Public Health
Epidemiology
Health Services Research

Background:

Ontario's public health units (PHUs) faced unprecedented workforce demands for COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing.
Maintaining essential public health functions during the pandemic required innovative solutions for surge capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness and operational model of Public Health Ontario's Contact Tracing Initiative (CTI).
To identify lessons learned from the CTI for future public health surge capacity planning.

Main Methods:

The CTI established a centralized workforce by leveraging existing government personnel.
Standardized protocols, scripts, and simplified data management were implemented to handle high call volumes.
The initiative focused on initial and follow-up calls to high-risk close contacts of COVID-19 cases.

Main Results:

The CTI operated for 23 months, serving 33 of 34 PHUs and supporting over one million calls.
The initiative demonstrated timeliness, high volume capacity, and efficient resource utilization.
The CTI proved beneficial during school exposures, easing of public health measures, and vaccine rollout support.

Conclusions:

The CTI model effectively provided surge capacity support for public health initiatives.
Strengths included adaptability, efficient resource use, and scalability.
Lessons learned offer valuable insights for planning future public health emergency responses.