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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Actin Polymerization

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Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
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Filopodia are thin, actin-rich cellular protrusions that play an important role in many fundamental cellular functions. They vary in their occurrence, length, and positioning in different cell types, suggesting their diverse roles.
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Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
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When self-assembly meets interfacial polymerization.

Qin Shen1,2, Qiangqiang Song1,2, Zhaohuan Mai1

  • 1Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.

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|May 3, 2023
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Researchers created an ultrapermeable polyamide (PA) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane using interfacial polymerization and self-assembly. This novel membrane exhibits a crumpled surface morphology, enhancing water transport for efficient desalination.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Interfacial polymerization (IP) and self-assembly are distinct processes involving interfaces.
  • Combining these processes can lead to unique interfacial characteristics and morphological transformations.
  • Developing advanced membranes is crucial for efficient water treatment and desalination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate an ultrapermeable polyamide (PA) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane.
  • To investigate the role of self-assembled surfactant micellar systems in membrane morphology.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms behind the formation of crumpled nanostructures during interfacial polymerization.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of PA RO membrane via interfacial polymerization.
  • Introduction of a self-assembled surfactant micellar system during IP.
  • Multiscale simulations to study the formation mechanisms of nanostructures.

Main Results:

  • An ultrapermeable PA RO membrane with crumpled surface morphology and enlarged free volume was successfully fabricated.
  • Electrostatic interactions between m-phenylenediamine (MPD) and surfactant systems disrupted the monolayer, initiating PA layer patterning.
  • Interfacial instability promoted the formation of a crumpled PA layer with increased surface area, enhancing water transport.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides insights into the synergistic mechanisms of IP and self-assembly for membrane fabrication.
  • The findings are fundamental for designing high-performance desalination membranes with enhanced water permeability.
  • The crumpled morphology is key to achieving superior water transport properties.