Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

9.2K
Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
9.2K
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

5.9K
DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
5.9K
Condensins02:15

Condensins

3.5K
Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
The plant and animal cells contain two types of condensin complexes—condensin I and condensin II. Both complexes have five subunits: two SMC (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes) subunits, a kleisin subunit, and two HEAT-repeat...
3.5K
S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication02:38

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

4.7K
The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of...
4.7K
Chromosome Replication02:31

Chromosome Replication

8.8K
Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
8.8K
Chromatin Packaging01:32

Chromatin Packaging

16.8K
Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
16.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Terminal Conjugation Enables Nanopore Sequencing of Peptides.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Two CTCF motifs impede cohesin-mediated DNA loop extrusion.

Molecular cell·2025
Same author

Telomeres stall DNA loop extrusion by condensin.

Cell reports·2025
Same author

Cohesin supercoils DNA during loop extrusion.

Cell reports·2025
Same author

Elucidating the nanoscopic organization and dynamics of the nuclear pore complex.

Nucleus (Austin, Tex.)·2025
Same author

A microfluidic platform for extraction and analysis of bacterial genomic DNA.

Lab on a chip·2025
Same journal

Lactate as a Chemical Modification on Proteins and Metabolites.

Annual review of biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Nucleocytoplasmic Transport.

Annual review of biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Packaging of Single-Stranded RNA in Viruses and Virus-Like Particles.

Annual review of biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Shaping of the Infant Gut Microbiome by Milk Oligosaccharides.

Annual review of biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Proteostasis Deregulation by Metabolism Drives the Hallmarks of Cancer.

Annual review of biochemistry·2026
Same journal

JoAnne Stubbe's Radical Path: A Story of Passion, Curiosity, and Persistence.

Annual review of biochemistry·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Motion Dynamics of the Eukaryotic Replisome Components at the Single-Molecule Level
10:11

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Motion Dynamics of the Eukaryotic Replisome Components at the Single-Molecule Level

Published on: July 26, 2024

1.1K

Looping the Genome with SMC Complexes.

Eugene Kim1, Roman Barth2, Cees Dekker2

  • 1Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Annual Review of Biochemistry
|May 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes are vital motor proteins for genome folding. This review highlights recent single-molecule studies advancing our understanding of their DNA loop extrusion mechanisms in chromosome biology.

Keywords:
DNA loop extrusionSMC complexesgenome organizationsingle-molecule studies

More Related Videos

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
08:54

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Published on: March 29, 2019

7.1K
Mapping Mammalian 3D Genome Interactions with Micro-C-XL
11:41

Mapping Mammalian 3D Genome Interactions with Micro-C-XL

Published on: November 3, 2023

2.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Motion Dynamics of the Eukaryotic Replisome Components at the Single-Molecule Level
10:11

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Motion Dynamics of the Eukaryotic Replisome Components at the Single-Molecule Level

Published on: July 26, 2024

1.1K
In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
08:54

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Published on: March 29, 2019

7.1K
Mapping Mammalian 3D Genome Interactions with Micro-C-XL
11:41

Mapping Mammalian 3D Genome Interactions with Micro-C-XL

Published on: November 3, 2023

2.6K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes are essential motor proteins conserved across evolution.
  • These complexes play critical roles in sister chromatid cohesion and genome folding via DNA loop extrusion throughout the cell cycle.
  • Despite their known importance in chromosome packaging and regulation, the precise molecular mechanisms of SMC-mediated DNA loop extrusion are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of SMC complexes in chromosome biology.
  • To highlight recent in vitro single-molecule studies that have elucidated SMC protein functions.
  • To describe the mechanistic biophysical aspects of DNA loop extrusion by SMCs and their impact on genome organization.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SMC protein complexes.
  • Focus on in vitro single-molecule biophysical studies.
  • Analysis of DNA loop extrusion mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • SMC complexes are crucial for genome organization and chromosome structure.
  • Single-molecule studies provide detailed insights into the dynamic process of DNA loop extrusion.
  • Biophysical mechanisms governing loop extrusion by SMCs are being progressively uncovered.

Conclusions:

  • SMC complexes are fundamental to chromosome architecture and dynamics.
  • In vitro single-molecule techniques have significantly advanced the understanding of SMC protein mechanisms.
  • Further research into the biophysics of DNA loop extrusion will illuminate genome organization principles.