[Treat-all: challenges of partial response and low-level viremia]

The recently updated "Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B" in China have brought about significant changes. The new treatment indications almost mandate the implementation of a Treat-all strategy for the chronically HBV-infected population in China. While simultaneous negativity for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA has long been an accepted criterion for treatment discontinuation, there has been controversies over the initiation of treatment criteria starting with HBsAg and HBV DNA positivity. Despite the inconsistent treatment criteria, the academic community has started supporting treat-all strategies in recent years due to the decreasing cost of treatment, prolonged management duration, and growing evidence of poor outcomes in untreated populations. Therefore, this update to the Chinese HBV guidelines represents a new direction that suggests "The greatest truths are the simplest." However, in the process of rolling out the Treat-all strategy, we must remain cautious of possible issues arising from the new strategy. Among them, the problem of partial response or low-level viremia following treatment may become more prominent due to the inclusion of a significant number of patients with normal or low levels of alanine transaminase. As existing evidence suggests that low-level viremia increases the risk of HCC in patients, it is essential to monitor and explore optimal therapeutic options for these patients.