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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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A charge distribution has spherical symmetry if the density of charge depends only on the distance from a point in space and not on the direction. In other words, if the system is rotated, it doesn't look different. For instance, if a sphere of radius R is uniformly charged with charge density ρ0, then the distribution has spherical symmetry. On the other hand, if a sphere of radius R is charged so that the top half of the sphere has a uniform charge density ρ1 and the bottom half...
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A spherical capacitor consists of two concentric conducting spherical shells of radii R1 (inner shell) and R2 (outer shell). The shells have  equal and opposite charges of +Q and −Q, respectively. For an isolated conducting spherical capacitor, the radius of the outer shell can be considered to be infinite.
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Gauss's law states that the electric flux through any closed surface equals the net charge enclosed within the surface. This law is beneficial for determining the expressions for the electric field for a particular charge distribution if the electric flux is known.
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Spherical coordinate systems are preferred over Cartesian, polar, or cylindrical coordinates for systems with spherical symmetry. For example, to describe the surface of a sphere, Cartesian coordinates require all three coordinates. On the other hand, the spherical coordinate system requires only one parameter: the sphere's radius. As a result, the complicated mathematical calculations become simple. Spherical coordinates are used in science and engineering applications like electric and...
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Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals
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Spherical ferroelectric solitons.

Vivasha Govinden1, Sergei Prokhorenko2, Qi Zhang3

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Spherical ferroelectric domains, like electrical bubbles, exhibit unique vortex-like polarization. These 3D topological solitons offer novel functionalities for advanced nanoelectronic devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Spherical ferroelectric domains, including electrical bubbles, polar skyrmion bubbles, and hopfions, possess a unique structure.
  • This structure features a homogeneously polarized core surrounded by a vortex ring of polarization, forming a spherical domain boundary.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide insight into the complex polar structure and physical origin of spherical ferroelectric domains.
  • To facilitate the understanding and development of these domains for device applications.

Main Methods:

  • This perspective synthesizes existing research and theoretical understanding.
  • Focuses on the analysis of polar texture, local symmetry, and emergent properties.

Main Results:

  • Spherical domains exhibit distinct local symmetry with high polarization and strain gradients.
  • These domains represent a unique material system with emergent properties like chirality, negative capacitance, and giant electromechanical response.
  • The ultrafine scale of these domains is crucial for nanoelectronic applications.

Conclusions:

  • Spherical ferroelectric domains offer new opportunities in high-density and low-energy nanoelectronic technologies.
  • Understanding their structure and origin is key to unlocking their potential in device applications.