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Age, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Geography of Residence, and Occupation are Predictors of Bladder Calculi in Men: A
Ali Akbar Firasi1, Mohammad Ayodhia Soebadi1, Budi Himawan2
1Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, 60115 Surabaya, Indonesia.
Insights
Older age, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), living in limestone mountain areas, and outdoor occupations are significant predictors of bladder calculi in men. These factors increase the likelihood of developing bladder stones.
Area of Science:
- Urology
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Bladder calculi formation is a complex, multifactorial process.
- Identifying key predictors is crucial for understanding and preventing bladder stones in men.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify predictors of bladder calculi in a male population.
- To investigate the association between age, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), geographic location, and occupation with bladder calculi.
Main Methods:
- Cross-sectional study utilizing medical records from 2017-2019.
- Inclusion criteria: men diagnosed with urinary calculi or BPH.
- Diagnostic methods included urinalysis, X-ray, ultrasonography (USG), digital rectal examination (DRE), and the American Urological Association (AUA) Symptom Index.
- Statistical analysis employed Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression.
Main Results:
- Of 2010 participants, 66.0% had urinary calculi.
- Significant predictors for bladder calculi included age (≥70 years), BPH, residence in limestone mountain areas, and outdoor occupations.
- Men aged ≥70 had 13.484 times higher odds of bladder calculi; men with BPH had 11.182 times higher odds; those in limestone areas had 1.894 times higher odds; and those with outdoor occupations had 3.240 times higher odds.
Conclusions:
- Age, BPH, geographic residence, and occupation are significant predictors of bladder calculi in men.
- These findings highlight specific risk factors that can inform preventative strategies and clinical management for bladder stones.
Background:
The formation of bladder calculi is a complex multifactorial process. Our objective was to identify predictors of bladder calculi in men.
Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted at a regional public hospital. We used medical records from 2017 to 2019 for men diagnosed with urinary calculi or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The diagnosis of urinary calculi was based on urinalysis, plain x-ray, and ultrasonography (USG). The diagnosis of BPH was based on digital rectal examination (DRE), USG, and American Urological Association (AUA) Symptom Index to assess the severity of BPH. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression.
Results:
Of 2010 study participants, 66.0% were men with urinary calculi, 39.7% had BPH, 21.0% were aged 70 years or more, 12.5% lived in limestone mountain areas, and 24.6% had occupations that were mainly outdoors. Urinary calculi in men with BPH were found in the urethra (3.0%), bladder (27.6%), ureter (2.2%), and kidney (1.1%). Of all men with urinary calculi, the odds of having bladder calculi in men aged 70 years or more was 13.484, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 8.336-21.811; In men with BPH was 11.182, 95% CI: 6.440-19.416; In men who lived in limestone mountain area was 1.894, 95% CI: 1.242-2.887; In men whose occupation is mainly outdoor was 3.240, 95% CI: 1.954-5.375, compared to reference groups.
Conclusions:
Age, BPH, geography of residence, and occupation were predictors of bladder calculi in men.
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