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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
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After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for...
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
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The multifaceted interactions between pathogens and host ESCRT machinery.

Yolanda Rivera-Cuevas1, Vern B Carruthers1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.

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|May 4, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and parasites exploit the host

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pathogen-Host Interactions

Background:

  • The Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery is crucial for cellular processes like vesicle formation and membrane repair.
  • Viruses have long been known to utilize host ESCRT proteins for their replication and envelopment.
  • Emerging research indicates that intracellular bacteria and parasites also interact with the ESCRT system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse strategies employed by intracellular pathogens to interact with host ESCRT machinery.
  • To highlight the molecular mechanisms, particularly short linear motifs, used by pathogens to engage ESCRT complexes.
  • To underscore the significance of ESCRT machinery in pathogen survival, replication, and egress.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating pathogen-ESCRT interactions.
  • Analysis of molecular mimicry strategies employed by pathogens.
  • Synthesis of findings on ESCRT's role in viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections.

Main Results:

  • Intracellular pathogens benefit from, antagonize, or exploit host ESCRT machinery.
  • Pathogens utilize short linear amino acid motifs to bind ESCRT complexes, mimicking host interactions.
  • ESCRT machinery is essential for pathogens to maintain intracellular niches, acquire resources, and exit host cells.

Conclusions:

  • Pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to hijack the host ESCRT machinery for their own benefit.
  • Understanding these pathogen-ESCRT interactions, particularly molecular mimicry, offers insights into fundamental cellular processes.
  • Further research into these mechanisms could reveal novel therapeutic targets for infectious diseases.