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Updated: Jul 31, 2025

The Impact of Motor Task Conditions on Goal-Directed Arm Reaching Kinematics and Trunk Compensation in Chronic Stroke Survivors
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Joint Coordination With a Change in Task Constraint During Accurate Overhead Throwing.

Arata Kimura1,2, Shinsuke Yoshioka2, Senshi Fukashiro2,3

  • 1Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo,Japan.

Journal of Applied Biomechanics
|May 4, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Skilled athletes adjust their joint coordination when throwing speed changes. This biomechanics study reveals how elbow and shoulder movements adapt to maintain accuracy in overhead throws.

Keywords:
co-variationjoint kinematicsthrowing speedvariability

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Science
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Accurate throwing in sports requires precise control.
  • Previous studies suggest varied joint coordination strategies in throwing.
  • The impact of changing throwing speed on joint coordination remains understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how throwing speed influences joint coordination during accurate overhead throws.
  • To determine if joint coordination strategies adapt to different throwing speeds.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed overhead baseball throws at a target under slow and fast speed conditions.
  • Trunk movement was restricted while participants were seated.
  • Joint angles and angular velocities were analyzed to assess coordination patterns.

Main Results:

  • In slow throws, elbow flexion/extension coordinated to minimize vertical hand velocity variability.
  • In fast throws, shoulder internal/external rotation and horizontal flexion/extension angular velocity were key for reducing hand velocity variability.
  • Joint coordination strategies differed significantly between slow and fast throwing conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Throwing speed is a critical factor influencing joint coordination in overhead throwing.
  • Joint coordination is adaptable and task-specific, not fixed.
  • Understanding these adaptations can inform training and injury prevention strategies in sports.