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Related Concept Videos

The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles01:43

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In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
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Eukaryotic cells have different motor proteins for transporting various cargo within the cell. These motor proteins differ based on the filament they associate with, the direction they move within the cell, and the type of cargo they transport. Motor proteins that associate with microtubules are known as microtubule-associated motor proteins. There are two families of microtubule-associated motor proteins —Kinesins and Dyneins. Both these proteins assist in the transport of cellular...
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Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
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ADP/ATP carrier or AAC protein is the most abundant carrier protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transports large quantities of ADP and ATP, equivalent to the average human body weight, every day. Among other transporters, ACC protein is one of the best-studied members of the mitochondrial carrier protein family. The ADP/ATP carrier protein comprises two transmembrane helices connected to a loop and a single alpha-helix on the matrix side. It switches between two conformational...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells
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Armadillo repeat-containing kinesin represents the versatile plus-end-directed transporter in Physcomitrella.

Mari W Yoshida1, Maya Hakozaki1, Gohta Goshima2,3

  • 1Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.

Nature Plants
|May 4, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Plant armadillo repeat-containing kinesin (ARK) acts as a versatile anterograde transporter, moving organelles and regulating cell growth. This kinesin is crucial for various cellular processes in plants, unlike in animals.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant cell biology
  • Molecular motors
  • Cytoskeletal dynamics

Background:

  • Kinesin-1 is essential for anterograde transport in animal cells.
  • Plants lack kinesin-1 genes, necessitating identification of an equivalent motor protein.
  • The function of plant-specific kinesins in intracellular transport remains largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize the functional equivalent of conventional kinesin in plants.
  • To investigate the role of armadillo repeat-containing kinesin (ARK) in intracellular transport and cell growth.
  • To explore the conservation of ARK function across different plant species.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ARK mutants in the moss Physcomitrium patens.
  • Assessment of organelle motility (nuclei, chloroplasts, mitochondria, secretory vesicles) in wild-type and mutant cells.
  • Functional assays involving ectopic expression of modified ARK proteins.
  • Investigation of cell tip growth phenotypes and localization of actin regulators (RopGEFs).
  • Complementation studies using ARK homologues from Arabidopsis thaliana.

Main Results:

  • ARK mutants exhibited suppressed anterograde motility of multiple organelles.
  • Defects in cell tip growth were observed in ARK mutants, linked to mislocalization of actin regulators like RopGEFs.
  • Expression and apical localization of RopGEF3 partially rescued the growth phenotype.
  • Mutant phenotypes were partially rescued by Arabidopsis ARK homologues, indicating conserved function.

Conclusions:

  • Plant armadillo repeat-containing kinesin (ARK) functions as a versatile anterograde transporter, analogous to kinesin-1 in animals.
  • ARK is essential for the transport of diverse cargos and plays a critical role in regulating cell tip growth by influencing actin dynamics.
  • ARK's function is conserved across plant species, highlighting its fundamental importance in plant cell biology.