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Related Concept Videos

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

2.8K
Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous...
2.8K
Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

63.4K
Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
63.4K
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

627
Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
627
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

6.2K
Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
6.2K
Basicity of Aromatic Amines01:18

Basicity of Aromatic Amines

7.2K
The basicity of aromatic amines is much weaker than that of aliphatic amines due to the involvement of the lone pair of electrons over the N atom in resonance with the aryl rings. Generally, the electron-donating ability of any substituents on the aryl ring of aromatic amines increases the basicity of the amine by increasing electron density, and hence the availability of lone pair on the nitrogen. On the other hand, electron-withdrawing functional groups on the aryl ring of amines decrease the...
7.2K
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

2.9K
Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group...
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Ionic Liquids and Electrolytes with Flexible Aromatic Anions.

Mukhtiar Ahmed1, Sourav Bhowmick1, Andrei Filippov1

  • 1Chemistry of Interfaces, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary

New phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with ether chains show tunable properties for thermal stability and ion transport. Lithium salt doping for battery electrolytes reduced ion diffusion due to aggregation.

Keywords:
flexible anionsfluorine-free electrolytesionic liquidslithium-ion batteriesoligoether

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Ionic Liquids

Background:

  • Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts that are liquid at room temperature, offering unique properties for various applications.
  • Phosphonium-based ILs with functionalized anions are being explored for advanced material applications.
  • Developing stable electrolytes is crucial for the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel n-tetrabutylphosphonium (P4444+) based ionic liquids with oligoether-substituted aromatic carboxylate anions.
  • To investigate the influence of oligoether chain structure on the thermal stability, phase behavior, and ion transport properties of these ILs.
  • To evaluate the potential of these ILs as electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries by doping with lithium salts.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of five new ionic liquids featuring P4444+ cations and oligoether-substituted aromatic carboxylate anions.
  • Thermal analysis (thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry) to determine thermal stability and glass transition temperatures (Tg).
  • Electrochemical characterization, including cyclic voltammetry, to assess electrochemical stability windows and ion transport properties of doped electrolytes.

Main Results:

  • Synthesized ILs exhibited high thermal stability (up to 330°C) and low glass transition temperatures (Tg < -55°C).
  • The structure of the oligoether chain significantly impacted thermal properties and ion transport.
  • Doping with 10 mol% lithium salts for battery applications led to decreased and unequal ion diffusion due to enhanced ionic interactions and aggregate formation.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized phosphonium-based ionic liquids demonstrate tunable properties suitable for various applications.
  • Electrolytes prepared from these ILs show promising electrochemical stability windows (up to 3.5 V) for potential use in lithium batteries.
  • Further optimization is needed to mitigate the negative impact of lithium salt doping on ion diffusion for improved battery performance.