Japanese encephalitis clinical update: Changing diseases under a changing climate

Area of Science:

• Arbovirology
• Epidemiology
• Public Health

Background:

• Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a significant arbovirus impacting the Asia-Pacific region.
• Historically, JEV cases in Australia were limited to the north, but a 2021 sentinel case marked a significant expansion.
• Widespread JEV dissemination is now noted in northern and southeastern Australia, extending as far south as Victoria, coinciding with climate change effects.

Purpose of the Study:

• To equip Australian general practitioners (GPs) with essential knowledge regarding JEV.
• To inform GPs about the expanding geographical distribution of JEV.
• To highlight the potential for JEV to become persistently endemic in Australia.

Main Methods:

• Literature review on JEV epidemiology and transmission.
• Analysis of recent JEV case data in Australia.
• Synthesis of information on climate change impacts on arbovirus distribution.

Main Results:

• JEV has demonstrated a notable expansion in its Australian distribution.
• Increased locally acquired JEV cases have been reported in new regions.
• Climate change, specifically warmer and wetter conditions, is identified as a contributing factor to JEV's spread.

Conclusions:

• Australian GPs require updated information on JEV due to its expanding presence.
• Vigilance is particularly crucial for GPs in rural areas and regions with recent JEV detections.
• Preparedness for sustained JEV endemicity is necessary.