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Factors Affecting Workability01:24

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The workability of concrete is a critical characteristic that influences the ease of mixing, handling, and finishing the concrete. It is affected by several factors including water content, aggregate properties, and admixtures like air entrainment. Water plays a fundamental role as it lubricates the concrete mix, facilitating easier movement and placement. However, the water requirement varies depending on the texture and shape of aggregates. Finer particles and angular, rough-textured...
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Evaluating the design and implementation of Kazakhstan's workfare program.

Peter Howie1, Indira Davletova1, Indira Makhazhan1

  • 1Graduate School of Public Policy, Nazarbayev University, Astana 01000, Kazakhstan.

Evaluation and Program Planning
|May 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Kazakhstan's workfare programs (WPs) are costly due to benefit leakage and informal labor. Strict eligibility rules and poor implementation lead to "creaming" of applicants, hindering poverty reduction efforts.

Keywords:
Cost-effectiveness analysisImplementation assessmentKazakhstanWorkfare

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Area of Science:

  • Development Economics
  • Public Policy Analysis
  • Social Welfare Programs

Background:

  • Workfare programs (WPs) are key tools in low- and middle-income countries for poverty alleviation.
  • These programs address both temporary economic shocks and chronic poverty.
  • Understanding WP design and implementation is crucial for effective poverty reduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the design and implementation of a workfare program in Kazakhstan.
  • To conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of the program.
  • To investigate factors influencing the program's implementation process.

Main Methods:

  • Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA).
  • Case study analysis of program implementation.
  • Qualitative investigation of influencing factors.

Main Results:

  • High cost per benefit unit attributed to benefit leakage to non-poor, informal labor, and means-testing.
  • Bureaucratic requirements (residency, asset documents) and poor staff conditions (turnover, low wages, corruption) led to "creaming" of applicants.
  • Central government KPIs contributed to improper blending with other active labor market policies.

Conclusions:

  • Formal eligibility restrictions increase the cost of means-testing applicants.
  • Official documentation requirements for eligibility can result in "creaming" of the most suitable applicants, potentially excluding intended beneficiaries.
  • Program design and implementation require careful consideration to ensure cost-effectiveness and equitable benefit distribution.