Impact of non-driving related tasks while operating automated driving systems (ADS): A systematic review

Automated Driving Systems (ADS) (SAE, 2021), promise improved safety and comfort for drivers. Current technological advances have resulted in increased automation capabilities. However, with the increase in automation capabilities, there is a shift in how drivers interact with their vehicles. Drivers can now temporarily hand over the control of the driving task to ADS under certain conditions. However, with ADS in temporary control of the vehicle, drivers may choose to engage in non-driving related tasks (NDRT). The current capabilities of ADS do not allow drivers to hand over control of the driving task indefinitely. Drivers must remain aware and be ready to take back control if necessary. There is a need to better understand drivers' performance and behaviors when driving with ADS, especially when engaged in NDRTs. This literature review, therefore, aims to understand the state of knowledge on automated vehicle systems and driver distraction. This review was conducted as per PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies found a significant increase in takeover times while engaging in NDRTs and driving with automation active. Studies also discuss a change in driver's visual attention, with more focus given to NDRTs as compared to the front roadway. The concerning effects of increasing reaction times and decreases in visual attention can be mitigated by using interventions and studies have had success in redirecting drivers attention and reorient them to the task of driving. The review, therefore, includes a discussion of ADS and NDRT engagement and its impact on driving behaviors such as take-over times, visual attention, trust, and workload. Implications on driver safety and performance are discussed in light of this synthesis.