Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

50.7K
The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
50.7K
Long-patch Base Excision Repair01:02

Long-patch Base Excision Repair

7.1K
Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
7.1K
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

5.0K
Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
5.0K
Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

22.7K
One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
22.7K
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

31.2K
In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
31.2K
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

5.9K
DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
5.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Continuous braided suturing technique for robotic mitral valve annuloplasty.

JTCVS techniques·2026
Same author

Clinical practice guidelines for telesurgery, 2nd Edition : Committee for the Promotion of Remote Surgery Implementation, Japan Surgical Society.

Surgery today·2026
Same author

Folding-Mediated Self-Assembly of Sterically Demanding π-Luminophore Dyads into Nanotubes Exhibiting Multidirectional Exciton Transport.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Aggregation-State Dynamics Drive Double Cooperativity Between Antimicrobial Peptides LL-37 and HNP1.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Robotic Resection of a Papillary Fibroelastoma Arising From the Coumadin Ridge: A Multimodality Imaging of an Echocardiographic Blind Spot.

Cureus·2026
Same author

Molecular dynamics insights into orientation and hexagonal ordering of tripodal triptycenes on solid surfaces.

Nanoscale horizons·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage
10:59

Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage

Published on: August 21, 2021

3.7K

The flexible and iterative steps within the NHEJ pathway.

Go Watanabe1, Michael R Lieber1

  • 1Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry, Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, and Section of Molecular & Computational Biology (Department of Biological Sciences), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9176, USA.

Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
|May 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Nonhomologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) involves flexible synapsis before ligation. This flexible synapsis state allows iterative DNA end processing and ligation attempts, crucial for double-strand break repair.

More Related Videos

Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence
07:55

Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence

Published on: June 26, 2020

10.3K
Author Spotlight: Decoding DNA Repair by Extrachromosomal NHEJ Assay and HR Assays
09:29

Author Spotlight: Decoding DNA Repair by Extrachromosomal NHEJ Assay and HR Assays

Published on: February 2, 2024

2.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage
10:59

Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage

Published on: August 21, 2021

3.7K
Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence
07:55

Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence

Published on: June 26, 2020

10.3K
Author Spotlight: Decoding DNA Repair by Extrachromosomal NHEJ Assay and HR Assays
09:29

Author Spotlight: Decoding DNA Repair by Extrachromosomal NHEJ Assay and HR Assays

Published on: February 2, 2024

2.4K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nonhomologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) repairs most DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) across species.
  • Existing NHEJ models lack spatial and temporal details for DNA end processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of NHEJ synapsis using real-time single-molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET).
  • To propose a 3D model for the Flexible Synapsis (FS) state in NHEJ.

Main Methods:

  • Real-time single-molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) studies.
  • Defined biochemical system for analyzing DNA end synapsis in NHEJ.

Main Results:

  • Identified a Flexible Synapsis (FS) state where DNA ends are proximate but not yet ligatable.
  • Demonstrated that microhomology (MH) enables transition to Close Synapsis (CS) for ligation.
  • Showed DNA-PKcs and Artemis are not always required for FS/CS, but Artemis facilitates resection for MH.
  • XLF is critical for ligation when MH is absent.

Conclusions:

  • The FS model provides a framework for iterative DNA end processing and ligation.
  • This model spatially accommodates nuclease and polymerase actions for DSB repair.
  • Explores potential roles for DNA-PKcs beyond Artemis activation.