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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of...
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In Vitro Fertilization01:24

In Vitro Fertilization

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In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
The IVF process begins with ovarian stimulation, during which reproductive endocrinologists prescribe hormonal medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the single...
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Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic...
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Methods of Sterilization II: Chemical Methods01:30

Methods of Sterilization II: Chemical Methods

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In healthcare, the chemical method of sterilization uses chemical sterilants to treat surgical instruments and medical supplies to help prevent the transmission of infectious pathogens to patients. Due to heat sensitivity, most medical supplies and equipment should not be exposed to high temperatures. These parts include rubber, plastic, glass, and other similar elements.
Using chemical sterilization rather than heat to clean out equipment is recommended. It eradicates and removes all bacteria,...
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Fertilization01:38

Fertilization

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During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...
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Updated: Jul 31, 2025

OP-IVM: Combining In vitro Maturation after Oocyte Retrieval with Gynecological Surgery
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Lesbian shared IVF: the ROPA method: a systematic review.

Pedro Brandão1,2, Nathan Ceschin3

  • 1Department of Reproductive Medicine, Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Valencia, Spain.

Porto Biomedical Journal
|May 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The lesbian shared IVF (in vitro fertilization) method, or ROPA, allows female couples to share biological motherhood. While data is limited, outcomes and resulting motherhood are reassuring.

Keywords:
LesbianROPAShared IVFfertilization in vitro

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Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives
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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • In Vitro Fertilization
  • LGBTQ+ Family Building

Background:

  • The Reception of Oocytes from Partner (ROPA) method, or lesbian shared IVF, enables female couples to achieve biological motherhood.
  • It is the sole assisted reproduction technique allowing both partners in a lesbian relationship to be biologically connected to their child.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing scientific literature on the ROPA method.
  • To analyze motivations, ethical considerations, legal aspects, and clinical outcomes associated with ROPA.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review of studies on ROPA.
  • Searched databases included PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library.
  • Included 35 articles covering motivations, ethics, legislation, motherhood, and clinical outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Most women opt for ROPA to share biological motherhood, though medical reasons can also be a factor.
  • Significant ethical and legal issues surrounding ROPA remain unresolved.
  • Despite a scarcity of research, available data on ROPA's outcomes and the experience of motherhood are positive.

Conclusions:

  • The ROPA method offers a unique pathway for lesbian couples to share biological motherhood.
  • Further research is needed to address the ethical and legal complexities.
  • Current evidence suggests reassuring outcomes for ROPA procedures and resulting parenthood.