Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 31, 2025
08:53
Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures
Published on: October 9, 2012
17.7K
Temporal Structures in Electron Spectra and Charge Sign Effects in Galactic Cosmic Rays
M Aguilar1, L Ali Cavasonza2, G Ambrosi3
1Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Physical Review Letters
|May 8, 2023
Summary
Cosmic electron fluxes measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer show 11-year solar cycle variations and distinct hysteresis compared to proton fluxes. This provides new insights into cosmic ray behavior.
Area of Science:
- Cosmic ray physics
- Astrophysics
- Space science
Background:
- Cosmic rays, composed of charged particles, are influenced by solar activity.
- Understanding cosmic ray variations is crucial for space weather and fundamental physics.
Purpose of the Study:
- To present precision measurements of cosmic electron fluxes over 11 years.
- To analyze the time variations and compare them with proton fluxes.
- To investigate the observed hysteresis phenomenon.
Main Methods:
- Utilized data from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station.
- Analyzed 11 years of daily cosmic electron flux data (1.00-41.9 GV).
- Compared electron flux variations with proton flux data.
Main Results:
- Observed recurrent electron flux variations with periods of 27, 13.5, and 9 days.
- Found distinct time variations between electron and proton fluxes.
- Detected significant electron-proton hysteresis (>6σ) below 8.5 GV.
Conclusions:
- Daily electron flux data reveal complex variations linked to the solar cycle.
- The observed hysteresis provides key information on the charge sign dependence of cosmic rays.
- AMS-02 data offer unique insights into long-term cosmic ray modulation.
Related Concept Videos
02:39Emission Spectra
56.8K
When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a range of energies, and thereby produce a continuous spectrum in which an unbroken series of wavelengths is present.
56.8K
01:09Electron Behavior
8.2K
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the nucleus have less energy,...
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the nucleus have less energy,...
8.2K
01:33Atomic Structure
193.0K
Overview
193.0K
01:27π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview
1.1K
An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
1.1K
01:14π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds
1.2K
In aromatic compounds, such as benzene, the circulation of (4n + 2) π-electrons sets up a diamagnetic or diatropic ring current around the perimeter of the molecule. This current induces a magnetic field that opposes the external field inside the ring and reinforces it on the outside. The protons in benzene are deshielded and exhibit high chemical shifts in the range 6.5–8.5 ppm. The shielding effect at the center of the ring is evident in complex aromatic molecules, such as...
1.2K
03:06The Pauli Exclusion Principle
41.4K
The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
41.4K