Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 31, 2025
Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears
Published on: May 9, 2025
[The conjoined latissimus dorsi and parascapular free flap for reconstruction of extensive soft tissue defects]
Benjamin Thomas1, Florian Falkner1, Emre Gazyakan1
1Klinik für Hand-, Plastische und Rekonstruktive Chirurgie, Mikrochirurgie - Schwerbrandverletztenzentrum der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, BG Klinik Ludwigshafen, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 13, 67071, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Deutschland.
Objective:
Durable and resilient soft tissue reconstruction of vast defects of the extremities or the torso.
Indications:
Reconstruction of disproportionately large defects, particularly in cases of simultaneous bone and joint reconstruction.
Contraindications:
History of surgery or irradiation of upper back and axilla, impossibility of surgery under lateral positioning; relative contraindications in wheelchair users, hemiplegics, or amputees.
Surgical Technique:
General anesthesia and lateral positioning. First, the parascapular flap is harvested, with the initial skin incision made medially in order to identify the medial triangular space and the circumflex scapular artery. Flap raising then proceeds from caudal to cranial. Second, the latissimus dorsi is harvested, with the lateral border being dissected free first, before the thoracodorsal vessels are visualized on its undersurface. Flap raising then proceeds from caudal to cranial. Third, the parascapular flap is advanced through the medial triangular space. If the circumflex scapular and thoracodorsal vessels originate separately from the subscapular axis, an in-flap anastomosis is warranted. Subsequent microvascular anastomoses should be performed outside the zone of injury, typically in an end-to-end fashion of the vein and end-to-side fashion of the artery.
Postoperative Management:
Postoperative anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin under anti-Xa monitoring (semitherapeutic in normal-risk and therapeutic in high-risk cases). Hourly clinical assessment of flap perfusion for 5 consecutive days, followed by stepwise relaxation of immobilization and commencement of dangling procedures in cases of lower extremity reconstruction.
Results:
Between 2013 and 2018, 74 conjoined latissimus dorsi and parascapular flaps were transplanted to cover vast defects of the lower (n = 66) and upper extremity (n = 8). The mean defect size was 723 ± 482 cm2 and the mean flap size was 635 ± 203 cm2. Eight flaps required in-flap anastomoses for separate vascular origins. There was no case of total flap loss.
