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    Optical atomic clocks measure height differences using timescale comparisons. A new drone-based system enables flexible frequency transfer, achieving 2.3 cm height precision for geodesy and physics.

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    Area of Science:

    • Geophysics and Geodesy
    • Quantum Metrology
    • Optical Physics

    Background:

    • Geopotential and orthometric height differences are measurable using timescale comparisons between atomic clocks.
    • Modern optical atomic clocks offer uncertainties around 10-18, enabling centimeter-level height measurements.
    • Free-space optical links are crucial for frequency transfer when fiber links are impractical, but require line-of-sight.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a robust system for optical frequency transfer via a flying drone.
    • To enhance the flexibility of free-space optical clock comparisons for geodetic measurements.
    • To enable precise height difference measurements in challenging terrains or over long distances.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of an active optical terminal and phase stabilization system.
    • Implementation of a phase compensation processing method for robust frequency transfer.
    • Utilizing a flying drone for mobile, free-space optical clock comparisons.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated a statistical uncertainty of 2.5×10-18 after 3 seconds of integration.
    • Achieved a height difference measurement accuracy of 2.3 cm.
    • Successfully enabled optical frequency transfer via a drone, overcoming line-of-sight limitations.

    Conclusions:

    • The drone-based system significantly increases the flexibility of optical clock comparisons.
    • The achieved precision is suitable for applications in geodesy, geology, and fundamental physics.
    • This technology advances mobile, high-precision geodetic measurements.