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Bewley Lattice Diagram01:12

Bewley Lattice Diagram

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The Bewley lattice diagram, developed by L. V. Bewley, effectively organizes the reflections occurring during transmission-line transients. It visually represents how voltage waves propagate and reflect within a transmission line, making it easier to understand the complex interactions that occur.
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In electrical engineering, a lossless transmission line is characterized by a purely imaginary propagation constant and a resistive characteristic impedance. The ABCD parameters, which describe the relationship between the input and output voltages and currents, indicate an equivalent π circuit with an imaginary series impedance and a shunt admittance. This results in a transmission line that, when the product of the phase constant (beta) and the length of the line is less than pi,...
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    This study presents wavelength-independent couplers (WICs) using silicon photonics, demonstrating superior performance with Bézier bends over circular ones. These compact devices offer consistent splitting ratios and low insertion loss across various wafer sites.

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    Area of Science:

    • Integrated optics
    • Silicon photonics
    • Nanophotonics

    Background:

    • Wavelength-independent couplers (WICs) are crucial for advanced photonic integrated circuits.
    • Existing designs often face challenges in performance consistency and footprint.
    • Silicon photonics offers a scalable platform for fabricating complex optical devices.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To experimentally demonstrate wavelength-independent couplers (WICs) on a silicon-photonics platform.
    • To compare the performance of Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) splitters using circular versus cubic Bézier bends.
    • To develop and validate a semi-analytical model for predicting device performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based WICs on a commercial 300-mm CMOS foundry.
    • Comparison of devices with circular and 3rd order (cubic) Bézier bends.
    • Development of a semi-analytical model validated by 3D-FDTD simulations and experimental characterization.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated uniform performance across different wafer sites for various splitting ratios.
    • Bézier bend-based WICs exhibited superior performance with lower insertion loss (0.14 dB) and better consistency.
    • Maximum splitting ratio deviation was 0.6% over a 100 nm wavelength span.
    • Achieved a compact device footprint of 36.3 × 3.8 μm².

    Conclusions:

    • Cubic Bézier bends offer enhanced performance and consistency for silicon photonic WICs compared to circular bends.
    • The developed semi-analytical model accurately predicts device behavior, aiding future designs.
    • The demonstrated WICs are suitable for mass production in CMOS foundries due to their compact size and reliable performance.