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Solution Equilibrium and Saturation01:59

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

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Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions03:03

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Chemical substances interact in many different ways. Certain chemical reactions exhibit common patterns of reactivity. Due to the vast number of chemical reactions, it becomes necessary to classify them based on the observed patterns of interaction.
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Recent years have seen interconnected global crises: financial (2008), health (2020), supply chain disruptions, and European energy emergency (2022).
  • Climate change presents a significant and ongoing threat to global well-being and planetary health.
  • These challenges create societal problems and threaten the chemical industry's viability due to price volatility and inflation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the multifaceted global crises impacting society and the chemical industry.
  • To raise awareness of chemistry's crucial role in mitigating major global threats.
  • To foster innovation and maintain the chemical industry's competitiveness.

Main Methods:

  • The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) initiated a strategic program.
  • Since 2019, IUPAC has identified and highlighted the "Top Ten Emerging Technologies in Chemistry."
  • This initiative aims to connect academic chemical researchers with industrial partners.

Main Results:

  • Facilitating a bridge between scientific research and industrial innovation.
  • Enhancing the current competitiveness of the chemical sector.
  • Providing solutions to pressing global challenges through chemical advancements.

Conclusions:

  • The IUPAC "Top Ten Emerging Technologies in Chemistry" program is vital for navigating global crises.
  • Chemistry is positioned as a key enabler for sustainable development and industrial resilience.
  • Continued focus on emerging chemical technologies is essential for future societal and economic stability.