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Updated: Jul 31, 2025

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Historical Routes for Diversification of Domesticated Chickpea Inferred from Landrace Genomics.

Anna A Igolkina1, Nina V Noujdina2, Margarita Vishnyakova3

  • 1Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|May 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Genetic analysis of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) landraces reveals complex migration patterns. This study clarifies the origins of desi and kabuli chickpea types, suggesting Turkey as the source for kabuli varieties.

Keywords:
admixture graphallele frequencychickpeacompositional datadomestication

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Genetics
  • Archaeobotany

Background:

  • Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) domestication originated in the Fertile Crescent ~10,000 years ago.
  • Subsequent diversification and the origins of desi and kabuli market types remain unclear from archaeological evidence alone.
  • Understanding chickpea's historical migration and genetic diversity is crucial for crop improvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To decipher the complex history of chickpea domestication and diversification using genetic data.
  • To test hypotheses regarding chickpea migration and admixture across major cultivation regions.
  • To determine the geographic origins of desi and kabuli chickpea market types.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of genetic data from 421 chickpea landraces, excluding green revolution-affected varieties.
  • Development and application of 'popdisp', a Bayesian model for regional population dispersal.
  • Development and application of 'migadmi', a model for evaluating inter-regional migration and admixture events.

Main Results:

  • Chickpea dispersal within regions follows optimal geographical routes, not simple diffusion.
  • Desi populations in Ethiopia show genetic traces from both India and the Middle East, suggesting a South Asia-Ethiopia seaway.
  • Kabuli chickpeas show significant evidence of originating from Turkey, challenging the Central Asian origin hypothesis.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic analysis provides critical insights into chickpea's historical spread and diversification.
  • The study clarifies the origins of distinct chickpea market types, with implications for breeding programs.
  • Evidence supports a historical seaway facilitating chickpea gene flow between South Asia and Ethiopia.