Multimodal measures of spontaneous brain activity reveal both common and divergent patterns of cortical functional...

Large-scale functional networks have been characterized in both rodent and human brains, typically by analyzing fMRI-BOLD signals. However, the relationship between fMRI-BOLD and underlying neural activity is complex and incompletely understood, which poses challenges to interpreting network organization obtained using this technique. Additionally, most work has assumed a disjoint functional network organization (i.e., brain regions belong to one and only one network). Here, we employed wide-field Ca²⁺ imaging simultaneously with fMRI-BOLD in mice expressing GCaMP6f in excitatory neurons. We determined cortical networks discovered by each modality using a mixed-membership algorithm to test the hypothesis that functional networks are overlapping rather than disjoint. Our results show that multiple BOLD networks are detected via Ca²⁺ signals; there is considerable network overlap (both modalities); networks determined by low-frequency Ca²⁺ signals are only modestly more similar to BOLD networks; and, despite similarities, important differences are detected across modalities (e.g., brain region "network diversity"). In conclusion, Ca²⁺ imaging uncovered overlapping functional cortical organization in the mouse that reflected several, but not all, properties observed with fMRI-BOLD signals.