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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

2.2K
Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
2.2K
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

1.1K
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
1.1K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

14.5K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
14.5K
Viscosity01:17

Viscosity

5.9K
When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to the surface of the container. This difference in the flow of different kinds of liquids arises due to the fluid friction between the liquid layers and the liquid and the surrounding material. This property of fluids is called fluid viscosity. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup.
The SI unit of viscosity is...
5.9K
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

24.0K
The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
24.0K
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

14.3K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
14.3K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography
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Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography

Published on: April 24, 2018

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When crystals flow.

Chien-Hua Tu1, Martin Steinhart2, Rüdiger Berger1

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany.

Science Advances
|May 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Confinement in nanoscopic pores allows semicrystalline polymers to flow below their melting point. This unexpected flow preserves crystallites and offers new possibilities for polymer processing and materials science.

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Optimization of Crystal Growth for Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography
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Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Optimization of Crystal Growth for Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography
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Optimization of Crystal Growth for Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Semicrystalline polymers typically require temperatures above their melting point for flow.
  • Understanding polymer behavior under confinement is crucial for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the flow behavior of semicrystalline polymers within nanoscopic confinement.
  • To determine if polymers can flow below their melting point under specific conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing nanoscopic cylindrical pores to confine semicrystalline polymers.
  • Observing polymer flow dynamics at temperatures below the bulk melting point.

Main Results:

  • Semicrystalline polymers exhibit flow at temperatures below their melting point when confined.
  • The observed viscosity is intermediate between the melt and crystal states.
  • Capillary forces drive polymer chain movement without complete melting.

Conclusions:

  • Nanoconfinement enables low-temperature flow in semicrystalline polymers while preserving crystalline structures.
  • This finding has implications for designing polymer processing conditions, cold drawing, self-healing materials, and organic electronics.