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Additives and Fillers in Concrete01:29

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

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Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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Retarders are chemical admixtures designed to extend the setting time, which is especially useful when there is a delay in sequential concrete pours to prevent cold joints and to achieve a cohesive structure. Retarders, when used in appropriate amounts, can also enhance the architectural appearance of exposed aggregate finishes.
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Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...
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Understanding the Role of Removable Solid Additives: Selective Interaction Contributes to Vertical Component

Baobing Fan1,2, Wenkai Zhong3, Wei Gao2,4

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Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
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Solid additives (SAs) improve organic solar cell (OSC) morphology by controlling component distribution. 2-chloronaphthalene (2-CN) enhances vertical phase separation, boosting power conversion efficiency to 19.2%.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Sequentially deposited organic solar cells (SD-OSCs) offer improved morphology but face processing challenges.
  • Preventing acceptor penetration into the donor layer is crucial for device performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the impact of solid additives (SAs) on vertical component distribution in SD-OSCs.
  • Understand the role of SA electrostatic potential and steric hindrance in morphology control.
  • Optimize SD-OSC performance through selective interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of solid additives with varied properties into SD-OSCs.
  • Computational modeling to analyze interactions between SAs and active layer components (π-π interactions).
  • Depth-dependent morphological studies using X-ray scattering techniques.

Main Results:

  • Aromatic SAs interact selectively with donor or acceptor materials.
  • p-dibromobenzene shows stronger donor interaction; 2-chloronaphthalene (2-CN) prefers acceptor interaction.
  • SA evaporation drives the component with stronger interaction towards the surface, influencing vertical distribution.

Conclusions:

  • Solid additives can effectively control vertical morphology in SD-OSCs.
  • Selective interactions, guided by SA structure, are key to optimizing component distribution.
  • 2-CN treatment leads to reduced acceptor concentration at the bottom, achieving a 19.2% power conversion efficiency.