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CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Genome Editing in Mammalian Cell Lines using CRISPR-Cas
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Breakthrough in CRISPR/Cas system: Current and future directions and challenges.

Ahmad Ali1, Muhammad Mubashar Zafar2, Zunaira Farooq3

  • 1National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.

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|May 11, 2023
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Summary

Genome editing (GE) revolutionizes plant science, enabling the development of improved crop varieties. CRISPR-Cas technology offers a fast, reliable, and cost-effective method for precise genetic modifications in plants.

Keywords:
CRISPR-CasTALENsZFNsbase editinggenome editingmultiplex editingprime editing

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genomics
  • Molecular biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Targeted genome editing (GE) induces site-specific DNA alterations for desired genomic modifications.
  • Early GE tools include zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs).
  • CRISPR-Cas has emerged as a leading GE technology due to its efficiency and accessibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in CRISPR technology for plant genome editing.
  • To highlight progress in multiplex editing, base editing (BE), and prime editing (PE).
  • To discuss challenges and delivery mechanisms for GE in plants.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on genome editing technologies in plants.
  • Analysis of CRISPR-Cas applications, including multiplex, base, and prime editing.
  • Examination of delivery systems and associated challenges.

Main Results:

  • CRISPR-Cas technology has become the preferred tool for plant GE, surpassing ZFNs and TALENs.
  • Significant progress has been made in multiplex editing, base editing, and prime editing.
  • Various delivery mechanisms are being explored for efficient GE in plants.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR technology has significantly advanced plant functional genomics and crop improvement.
  • Continued development in GE tools and delivery methods promises further breakthroughs.
  • Addressing challenges in GE is crucial for realizing the full potential of desirable plant varieties.