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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...

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Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moiré Superlattice Devices

Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moiré Superlattice Devices

Published on: July 11, 2025

Strongly Coupled Magnon-Plasmon Polaritons in Graphene-Two-Dimensional Ferromagnet Heterostructures.

A T Costa¹, Mikhail I Vasilevskiy^1,2, J Fernández-Rossier^1,3

¹International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.

|May 11, 2023

Summary

We demonstrate strong coupling between graphene plasmons and magnons in 2D ferromagnets, overcoming energy mismatch challenges. This hybrid system exhibits large Rabi splittings and tunable coupling for novel spintronic devices.

Keywords:

2D magnets FMR magnons plasmons polaritons

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Published on: July 24, 2015

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Quantum Optics

Background:

Magnons (spin excitations) and plasmons (charge excitations) are distinct collective modes.
Hybridizing plasmons and magnons in heterostructures is challenging due to weak interaction and energy mismatch.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate strong plasmon-magnon polariton formation between graphene plasmons and 2D ferromagnetic insulators.
To overcome the typical energy mismatch and weak coupling issues in such systems.

Main Methods:

Utilizing graphene plasmons and 2D ferromagnetic insulators.
Achieving phase matching for cooperative super-radiant coupling.
Investigating electrical and mechanical modulation of coupling.

Main Results:

Formation of hybrid plasmon-magnon polaritons with Rabi splittings up to 100 GHz.
Demonstrated strong coupling between systems separated by up to half a micrometer.
Showcased tunable coupling via electrical and mechanical means.

Conclusions:

Graphene plasmons offer a viable route for strong magnon-plasmon coupling in 2D materials.
The demonstrated system paves the way for novel tunable spintronic and quantum devices.
Proposed ferromagnetic resonance experiments driven by graphene plasmons.