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The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Treatment approaches for psychological disorders fall into three main categories: psychological, biological, and sociocultural. Each approach targets different aspects of mental health, requiring varying levels of education and training.
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Drugs, the chemical agents used in diagnosing, treating, or preventing diseases, undergo a four-phase process of development: pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic.
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Androgenetic Alopecia: Therapy Update.

Shivali Devjani1, Ogechi Ezemma1, Kristen J Kelley1

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Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), or pattern hair loss, is common and hard to treat. This review covers FDA-approved and emerging therapies for AGA, detailing their effectiveness and safety.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Trichology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), encompassing male and female pattern hair loss, is the most prevalent global alopecia.
  • It results from an exaggerated androgen response and presents distinct patterns in men and women.
  • AGA is a chronic condition influenced by genetic and environmental factors, posing treatment challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) treatments.
  • To evaluate existing, alternative, and emerging therapeutic options for AGA.
  • To analyze the mechanisms of action, costs, efficacies, and safety profiles of various AGA treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific studies on AGA treatments.
  • Analysis of FDA-approved medications (minoxidil, finasteride).
  • Evaluation of non-FDA-approved and novel therapeutic approaches for AGA.

Main Results:

  • Only two FDA-approved drugs exist for AGA: topical minoxidil and oral finasteride.
  • Numerous non-FDA-approved treatments demonstrate efficacy in studies.
  • Emerging therapies require further exploration for AGA treatment.

Conclusions:

  • AGA treatment remains challenging despite available options.
  • A review of current and novel therapies is crucial for effective AGA management.
  • Further research into alternative and upcoming treatments is needed to address AGA comprehensively.