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Area of Science:

  • Addiction Medicine
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Opioid use disorder (OUD) affects millions globally, with withdrawal being a significant challenge.
  • Individual differences in opioid withdrawal symptom expression are not well understood.
  • Current understanding of withdrawal symptom profiles is limited, impacting treatment efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the presence and frequency of individual opioid withdrawal symptoms in adults with a history of opioid withdrawal.
  • To explore the variability in opioid withdrawal symptom expression using cluster analysis.
  • To contribute to a better understanding of the diverse experiences of opioid withdrawal.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional online survey data collected via Amazon Mechanical Turk.
  • 124 adults with lifetime experience of opioid withdrawal were included.
  • Cluster analysis was performed on self-reported 31 individual withdrawal symptoms.

Main Results:

  • Lifetime symptom endorsement ranged from 73.4% (anxious) to 43.5% (nausea).
  • Cluster analysis revealed two distinct groups: HIGH (59%) and LOW (41%) symptom endorsement.
  • The typical withdrawal syndrome lasted 6.5 days and was most severe around day 5.7.

Conclusions:

  • Significant variability exists in how individuals experience opioid withdrawal symptoms.
  • The findings suggest a need for a consensus on opioid withdrawal symptom expression and measurement.
  • Improved understanding and measurement can enhance clinical care for OUD.