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Dynamic Electrode-Electrolyte Intermixing in Solid-State Sodium Nano-Batteries.

R Blake Nuwayhid1,2, Alexander C Kozen1,2, Daniel M Long3,4,5

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents the first nanoscale sodium all-solid-state battery (SSB) fabricated using atomic layer deposition (ALD). Despite interfacial reactions, the device demonstrates over 100 cycles, paving the way for safer, high-performance energy storage.

Keywords:
atomic layer depositionelectrode−electrolyte interphaseenergy storagemicro-batteriessodium-ion batteriessolid-state batteriessolid-state electrolytesthin-film batteries

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Nanostructured solid-state batteries (SSBs) offer improved safety and form factors over liquid-based batteries.
  • Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is crucial for fabricating nanostructured devices with high aspect ratios.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate and test the first nanoscale sodium all-solid-state battery (SSB) using ALD.
  • To investigate interfacial reactions between the cathode and solid electrolyte during fabrication.
  • To evaluate the electrochemical performance and stability of the fabricated SSB.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a nanoscale SSB using ALD for V2O5 cathode and NaPON solid electrolyte, followed by Na metal anode evaporation.
  • Electrochemical testing of the SSB, including charge-discharge cycling.
  • Analysis of interfacial reactions using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry, XPS depth profiling, and cryo-STEM/EELS.

Main Results:

  • NaPON demonstrated excellent stability against Na metal (0.05–6.0 V vs Na/Na+).
  • Interfacial reactions during ALD NaPON deposition on V2O5 involved V2O5 reduction to VO2 and Na+ insertion, forming NaVO2.
  • Despite intermixing, the SSB operated for over 100 cycles at room temperature.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates the first functional thin-film solid-state sodium-ion battery.
  • ALD is a viable technique for fabricating complex nanostructured SSBs.
  • Understanding and mitigating interfacial reactions is key for optimizing SSB performance.