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Strain and Elastic Modulus01:15

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The quantity that describes the deformation of a body under stress is known as strain. Strain is given as a fractional change in either length, volume, or geometry under tensile, volume (also known as bulk), or shear stress, respectively, and is a dimensionless quantity. The strain experienced by a body under tensile or compressive stress is called tensile or compressive strain, respectively. In contrast, the strain experienced under bulk stress and shear stress is known as volume and shear...
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Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Hooke's Law01:26

Hooke's Law

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Hooke's law, a pivotal principle in material science, establishes that the strain a material undergoes is directly proportional to the applied stress, defined by a factor called the modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus.
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Normal Strain under Axial Loading01:20

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

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Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...
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Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete01:16

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The dynamic modulus of elasticity assesses how a concrete structure deforms under impact or dynamic loads. It is typically higher than the static modulus of elasticity, measured under slow, steady loading conditions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
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A strain rate dependent model with decreasing Young's Modulus for cortical human bone.

D Sánchez-Molina1, S García-Vilana1, L Martínez-Sáez2

  • 1UPC, GRABI, Eduard Maristany, 16, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.

Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express
|May 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human cortical bone's elastic modulus significantly decreases with increasing strain rate, contrary to viscoelastic assumptions. This study attributes the phenomenon to microcracking, not viscoelasticity, offering new insights into bone mechanics.

Keywords:
constitutive modelcortical bonestrain rate dependent materialstissue characerizationviscoelasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Materials Science
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Conflicting literature exists on human cortical bone's elastic modulus response to strain rate.
  • Some studies attribute strain rate dependence to viscoelastic properties, while others suggest non-viscoelastic mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the dynamic mechanical behavior of human cortical bone specimens.
  • Develop a strain rate-dependent model to explain experimental findings.
  • Clarify the role of viscoelasticity versus other mechanisms in bone's mechanical response.

Main Methods:

  • Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on 21 human rib cortical bone specimens from 12 male post-mortem subjects.
  • A comprehensive strain rate-dependent model was developed and applied.
  • Viscoelastic models were analyzed for their applicability to bone material.

Main Results:

  • A significant decrease in Young's modulus was observed with increasing strain rate (from ~18 GPa at 0.10 s⁻¹ to ~8 GPa at 0.50 s⁻¹).
  • This decrease was not consistent with predictions from common viscoelastic models for small strains.
  • The observed behavior aligns with findings linking microcracking damage to strain rate.

Conclusions:

  • The study concludes that the decrease in elastic modulus with strain rate in human cortical bone is primarily due to microcracking, not viscoelastic effects.
  • Existing viscoelastic models may not accurately represent the complex mechanical behavior of bone.
  • Further research into microcracking mechanisms is warranted for a complete understanding of bone's dynamic properties.