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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

251
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
251
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

164
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
164
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

519
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
519
Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action01:23

Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action

2.3K
Local anesthetics (LAs) block sensory and motor impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels on the nerve cell membranes. This induces temporary loss of sensation, relieving pain in a specific body area.
Local anesthetics are amphiphilic molecules consisting of a hydrophobic aromatic part linked to a hydrophilic group by an ester or amide linkage. They are weak bases and are usually available as salts, which increases their solubility and stability. Once administered, LAs exist in the body either...
2.3K
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

464
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
464

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Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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Microglia modulate general anesthesia through P2Y12 receptor.

Kelei Cao1, Liyao Qiu1, Xuan Lu2

  • 1Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.

Current Biology : CB
|May 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microglia, the brain's immune cells, actively regulate general anesthesia (GA) and emergence. Blocking microglial P2Y12 receptors speeds up recovery from anesthesia, revealing a novel non-immune role for these cells.

Keywords:
P2Y(12)Ranalgesiageneral anesthesiamicroglia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • General anesthesia (GA) induces unconsciousness by suppressing brain neuronal activity.
  • Microglia, the brain’s primary immune cells, exhibit enhanced dynamics during GA, but their active role is unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of microglia in modulating general anesthesia processes.
  • To explore the mechanisms by which microglia influence anesthetic sensitivity and recovery.

Main Methods:

  • Microglial ablation and repopulation in mice.
  • Chemogenetic manipulation of microglial activity.
  • Single-cell RNA sequencing.
  • Pharmacological and genetic targeting of P2Y12 receptors (P2Y12R).

Main Results:

  • Microglial ablation reduced anesthetic sensitivity and shortened the duration of unconsciousness (loss of righting reflex, LORR).
  • Microglial activation prolonged LORR, while depletion attenuated anesthesia-induced analgesia and hypothermia.
  • Anesthesia altered microglial gene expression related to chemotaxis and migration.
  • Blocking or ablating P2Y12R in microglia accelerated anesthetic recovery.

Conclusions:

  • Microglia actively participate in multiple aspects of general anesthesia, including sensitivity, duration, and associated effects.
  • Microglial P2Y12R signaling is crucial for regulating anesthetic duration and recovery.
  • This study highlights significant non-immune functions of microglia in the brain, particularly in the context of anesthesia.