Form follows function in Triticeae inflorescences.

Area of Science:

• Plant Science
• Genetics
• Agricultural Science

Background:

• Grass grains are vital food sources, with yield primarily determined by grain number and weight.
• Inflorescence shape significantly impacts cereal crop yield, making it a critical target for breeding programs.
• Recent decades have seen major genetic discoveries in inflorescence development due to advanced genomics.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advances in understanding the genetic basis of inflorescence architecture in Triticeae species (wheat and barley).
• To summarize knowledge on genetic control of spike branching, spikelet, and floret development.
• To discuss future research directions for cereal crop improvement in the context of climate change.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of recent research on Triticeae inflorescence genetics.
• Synthesis of findings on key genes controlling inflorescence development.
• Analysis of current understanding and future prospects in the field.

Main Results:

• Elucidation of several key genes controlling inflorescence shape in grasses.
• Detailed summary of genetic factors influencing spike branching and development in wheat and barley.
• Identification of research gaps and future opportunities for crop breeding.

Conclusions:

• Genetic insights into inflorescence architecture are advancing cereal crop breeding strategies.
• Continued research is essential for developing climate-resilient crops with improved yields.
• Understanding Triticeae inflorescence development offers pathways to enhance global food security.