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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children
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Refraining from interaction can decrease fear of physical closeness during COVID-19.

Katharina Kühne1, M A Jeglinski-Mende2

  • 1Cognitive Sciences Division, Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, House 14, Potsdam OT Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany. kkuehne@uni-potsdam.de.

Scientific Reports
|May 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Wearing face masks and social interaction influence how people perceive interpersonal distance (IPD). Social interaction significantly impacts IPD perception at closer ranges, while masks reduce feelings of unsafety at greater distances.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Social psychology
  • Human perception

Background:

  • Perception of peripersonal space (PPS) and interpersonal distance (IPD) is dynamic, influenced by factors like perceived danger, tool use, and social context.
  • Understanding IPD perception is crucial, especially during social distancing measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how wearing a face mask and engaging in social interaction affect the perception of interpersonal distance (IPD).
  • To analyze the impact of these factors on IPD estimation at varying distances (50 cm, 90 cm, 150 cm).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a within-subjects design with 60 participants evaluating IPD in images depicting varying distances, social interaction (handshaking), and face mask usage.
  • Employed linear mixed models and repeated measures ANOVA to analyze distance estimation differences and absolute distance estimations.

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Last Updated: Jul 30, 2025

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Human Fear Conditioning Conducted in Full Immersion 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality
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Main Results:

  • Participants underestimated IPD at 50 cm and 90 cm, and overestimated at 150 cm, potentially due to perceived danger and avoidance.
  • Social interaction significantly affected IPD perception at 90 cm (border of PPS), but face masks did not alter this effect.
  • Face masks reduced feelings of unsafety at 90 cm and 150 cm when no social interaction was depicted.

Conclusions:

  • Findings suggest an awareness and internalization of safety measures like face masks, influencing perceived safety.
  • Refraining from physical social interaction facilitates closer interpersonal distances without perceived threat.
  • The study highlights the interplay between social cues, protective measures, and the perception of personal and interpersonal space.