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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
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Skeletal muscle is the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. Skeletal muscles pull on tendons, which in turn pull on bones to carry out voluntary movements.
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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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The Platysma Contraction Pattern in Healthy Adults: A Vector Analysis Study.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The platysma muscle exhibits bidirectional movement, with lower face skin moving down and neck skin moving up. This convergence pattern is crucial for understanding cosmetic procedures and potential adverse effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy and Physiology
  • Cosmetic Procedures
  • Neuromodulation

Background:

  • The platysma muscle's complex role in lower face dynamics is due to its multiple insertion points.
  • Understanding platysma anatomy and physiology is vital to prevent adverse effects in cosmetic procedures.
  • Clinical observations suggest a bidirectional contraction pattern of the platysma muscle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the contraction pattern of the platysma muscle.
  • To analyze skin displacement in the neck and lower face during platysma contraction.
  • To provide insights for optimizing neuromodulation techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Eighteen healthy volunteers (13 women, 5 men) participated.
  • Skin displacement vector analysis was employed during maximal platysma contraction.
  • Movement of neck and lower face skin was quantified.

Main Results:

  • A bidirectional skin movement was observed in all participants.
  • Lower face and infra-jawline skin moved caudally (downward).
  • Lower neck skin moved cephalad (upward), converging at a specific line.

Conclusions:

  • The platysma muscle demonstrates bidirectional action with a distinct convergence line.
  • The superior portion depresses lips, while the lower portion elevates neck skin.
  • Targeting injections above the convergence line may improve outcomes for lower face aging.