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Related Concept Videos

Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS01:17

Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS

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Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a subtype of IBS characterized primarily by frequent, loose, or watery stools, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Therapeutic approaches to managing IBS-D include dietary changes, stress management techniques, and pharmaceutical interventions.
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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Antimuscarinic drugs have various therapeutic applications by inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation in different systems. Here are the key therapeutic uses of antimuscarinics:    
Respiratory Tract: Ipratropium, aclidinium, and tiotropium treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They protect against bronchoconstriction caused by irritants like cigarette smoke, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. They also help reduce nasopharyngeal...
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Update on Overactive Bladder Therapeutic Options.

Caroline P Babin1, Nicole T Catalano1, David M Yancey1

  • 1Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at New Orleans, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA.

American Journal of Therapeutics
|May 12, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Overactive bladder (OAB) management is evolving, with behavioral therapy as first-line treatment. Combination therapies and newer options like onabotulinumtoxinA offer improved efficacy for OAB syndrome.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Pharmacology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Overactive bladder (OAB) affects millions, causing significant psychogenic and economic burdens.
  • The exact etiology of OAB remains unclear, with theories including neurogenic, myogenic, and urothelial dysfunctions.
  • Stigma and underdiagnosis contribute to uncertainties in OAB pathophysiology and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging therapeutic strategies for overactive bladder (OAB).
  • To provide an overview of OAB management options, from first-line to advanced therapies.
  • To explore future directions in OAB treatment development.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review of scientific literature.
  • Databases searched include PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, and ScienceDirect.
  • Focus on current and future OAB therapies.

Main Results:

  • First-line OAB treatment involves behavioral therapy (lifestyle changes, bladder control, psychotherapy).
  • Second-line options include antimuscarinic agents and beta-3 adrenergic agonists, with combination therapy showing enhanced efficacy.
  • Third-line and advanced therapies include onabotulinumtoxinA, posterior tibial nerve stimulation, and sacral neuromodulation for refractory OAB.

Conclusions:

  • OAB management is multifaceted, progressing from behavioral to pharmacological and procedural interventions.
  • Emerging therapies like potassium channel activators and PDE inhibitors show promise for personalized OAB treatment.
  • Optimizing OAB treatment aims to improve patient quality of life and ensure cost-effective care.