Pyrethroid-based insecticides exert transgenerational, persistent, and chronic effects in Caenorhabditis elegans

The use of agrichemical pyrethroid-based insecticides to combat crop infestations and ectoparasites in animals is increasing. In this context, two pyrethroid-based insecticides are widely used, λ-cyhalothrin and Cypermethrin. The mechanism of action of these insecticides is characterized by the opening of ion channels and death by neural hyperexcitability. In this study, we evaluated the toxicological effect of two pyrethroid-based insecticides λ-cyhalothrin and Cypermethrin in C. elegans aiming to evaluate the transgenerational (TG), neonatal (NN) and lifespan (LS) effects of these compounds. At the end of each exposure period, were evaluated behavioral biomarkers of body bends, pharyngeal pumping, and feeding behavior. Furthermore, the fluorescent expression of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase) and the fluorescent expression of PolyQ40 aggregates were quantified. Lastly, the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was quantified. Changes in TG were more related to changes in AChE enzyme activity that probably were transferred to the offspring, altering behavioral biomarkers in the adult life of offspring from exposed parents. However, alterations in LS were related to the modulation of ion channels in a chronic way, exerting behavioral effects. In addition, both compounds increased the expression of PolyQ40 muscle aggregates in mutant worms. These proteins are related to the increased probability of the senile incidence of Huntington's Disease in genetically predisposed patients.