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Bifocal adds and environmental temperature.

I K Kragha, H W Hofstetter

    American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics
    |May 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Bifocal addition (add) in North and Central America showed no correlation with community temperature. Female adds were slightly higher than male adds, potentially due to physical stature differences.

    Area of Science:

    • Ophthalmology
    • Optometry
    • Vision Science

    Background:

    • Presbyopia, the age-related loss of accommodation, necessitates bifocal correction.
    • Previous research suggested a correlation between environmental temperature and the required bifocal addition (add).
    • The influence of geographical temperature variations on presbyopia correction remains an area of investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relationship between mean annual community temperature and prescribed bifocal addition in different age groups.
    • To analyze differences in bifocal add between males and females across various age levels.
    • To re-evaluate previously reported correlations between temperature and bifocal add, considering potential biases.

    Main Methods:

    • Survey of 888 optometrists in North and Central America regarding typical bifocal additions for males and females aged 45, 50, 55, and 60.

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  • Analysis of 577 returned responses, correlating bifocal add data with mean annual community temperatures.
  • Statistical analysis to determine the significance of temperature and sex on bifocal add.

    • Main Results:

    • No statistically significant difference in mean bifocal addition was found across varying mean annual temperatures for any age group.
    • Mean annual temperatures surveyed ranged from -7°C (Alaska) to 26°C (Puerto Rico).
    • Females exhibited slightly higher mean adds (0.05–0.06 D) than males across all age levels.

    Conclusions:

    • Environmental temperature does not appear to significantly influence the required bifocal addition for presbyopia correction.
    • Observed inverse correlations in prior studies may be attributed to patient self-selection bias based on age of onset criteria.
    • Slightly higher bifocal adds in females may be linked to differences in physical stature rather than presbyopia onset or progression.